Гы s LO Kar i + г i
4 TE. | du) CNWIXVW “VIVESIND 3NX50T55 7
i f
,USTRATED
GARDENERS AND BOTAN ISTS.
MISSOt
BOTA}
“THOSE FIGURED IN THIS WORK.
T has been ees dy an eminent бо, that many readers would be en
to be informed where reliable Illustrations could be found of those Plants which | То meet this want, references to the figures | HS Standard. Authorities have been given, the titles of the Works ai to ^ ‚ for economy of space, abbreviated as follows :
are not. figured. in this Work.
TE
Andrews (H. C.. Botanists Repository. London, P Јона ot Шой Ше And Ali aens (Н. су hoc he Engravings of Heaths. J H. Bus Conducted or ME, Robert Но ndon. a (pee don, 1862.30. : cpm a to nd I d of the Horticultural Society. London, 1846. Loudon (J. C.) Arboretum et fruticetum britan- K E E. Kotorby. Die Eiche Europas und des Orients. nicum. . . . London, 1838. 8 vols. 8vo. CB. os 4 p A. F. P. дшш ( (C.). Du pedemontana. Aug. Taur., 1785. Ё E rdg pec ER n Сиш ыш, P vols. СЕСЕ. Ё tanica. . p А.О Aublet (J. Б 6 6. F.). Hone me pan. iin be 1 ны ua "Collectanea bo : ыў. Guiane rancaise. ondres, vo о. UEM. A. H. Andrews (Н. СУ. The Heathery London, 1804-12. | x Manek G. d £ TC vols р RUE B. Mau uo v "The Botanist. . . London, 1839. | L.J.F... ., a VOIS. ed Js. А В. F. F Brandis(D.) Forest Flora of . . . India. London, L.R. v Ue i3 "ew 1876, 8vo. Atlas, 4to. | Ыш (ә, » =e Monographis, B. Е. S me (Б. H.) Flora sylvatica. Madras L.-S: 0... — (У. мод Sertum Обмен $ [1869-73]. 2 vols. 4to. & Fol. B. H. La Belgique Horticole. . . Ghent, 1850, &c.* > L. & P. F. G. 5 .M. Botanical Magazine. London, 1787, we ВО" E B. M. PI Bentley {ко and Trimen (Н.). Medicinal Plants, | MAS .. London, 1875-80. 8vo. B. О. Bateman (James). p а of басо f : AD London, 1874. ht B. R. Botanical Register. 06 1815- 47. 55 vols. 8vo. 1 Genus by J. G r B. Z. .. Botanische Zeitung. domm n vols. i.—xiii. (1845-55). Nuttall "tr. ў. North > oe Siva
* 8vo. ешеш, vol. es (1856).* C: ustrations of Himalayan Plants. Lon-
gyclopeaia of Trees ond. Shrubs.
Ma, Do P Australian Orchids. Sydney,
816. Flora Danica —usually quoted. as the title of the
work, Icones plantarum Daniæ et Nor- | vegiæ. . Havniæ, 1761 to 1885. Fol. | La Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe. | 1845-82. vols. 8vo. Moggridge (J. T.) Contributions to the Flora of Mentone . London, 1 Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung. 1818.42. А 25 vols, буо. [New Series] 1845, &c. . .- Floral Magazine. London, 1861-71, 8vo. 1872-81, 4to. .. Florist and Pomologist. London, 1868-84. 8vo. The Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. i . London, 1841-65. Fol. E The MeV Chronicle. New Series, 1866, &с. | \ ado. Genera flore Ameries. .
. Bosto
2 vols. 8vo. : vac Conducted by Shirley - on E
don, 18: с mid m.
Hooker (J. D.) Flora нь, 1860 2vols, 4to. This is Part 3 of “The Landon of
vo. the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. е 8 Erebus and Torrente the years 1839. ui = Hooker (W. J.). Garden Ferns. Hooker (W. em Species Filicum. ^
or
CU cae on horticole. Gand, { Botany
Setter e 1965. 5 vols. Svo.
PM (J.). Magazine of Botany. & a vols. unders CA ^w. Refugium | Londo 169.72, Вб, 0
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA
OF HORTICULTURE. 265
Caragana— continued.
C. pygmza (pigmy). Л. yellow; pedicels solitary. April. Z. with two pairs linear, glabrous leaflets, approximating at the top of the very short petiole; stipules and petioles spinescent. Л. 1ft. to 3ft. ‘Siberia, 1751. Shrub. (B. R. 1021.)
C. spinosa (spiny).* Л. yellow, solitary, almost sessile. April, ET 1. with two to four pairs of cuneate-linear, glabrous leaflets ; stipules small, spinose; adult petioles permanent, strong, and spinose. h. 4ft. to 6ft. Siberia, 1775. Ап excellent shrub for forming impenetrable hedges, on account of its long branches and strong thorns. i :
CARAGUATA (its South American name) ORD.
Bromeliacem. Stove epiphytes, allied to Tillandsia. For
culture, see Billbergia.
. lingulata (tongue-shaped-leaved). fl. white ; flower-stalk erect.
ко deme sei M асла, brilliant scarlet bracts. 1. tufted, broad at the base, linearlanceolate and recurved. h. 14ft. Columbia, 1880.
C. Van Volxemii(Van Volxem’s).* Л. yellow, in close spikes, pro- tected by crimson bracts. J. tufted. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Columbia, 1879. (1. Н. 326.)
Zahnii n’s).* Й. pale yellow, in dense oblong compressed | o cles ; bracts E ge a 1. linear-ligulate, Ift. long, yellow, - with crimson stripes, the upper part bright crimson ; semi-trans- E parent. A.1ft. Chiriqui, 1870. (B. M. 6059.)
^ CARAIPI. See Moquilea utilis.
CARAJURA. Ared colouring matter, obtained from Bignonia Chica.
CARALLIA (Karalli is the name of C. lucida in the language of the Telingas). Syn. Barraldeia. ORD. Rhizo- phoreew. Stove evergreen glabrous trees, from Madagascar, Тғәріса1 Asia, and Australia. Peduncles axillary, trifid, many-flowered. Leaves opposite, entire or serrated, stiffish, shining on the upper surface. In common with all the
.. Rhizophorec, this genus is very difficult to grow.
. C.lancesfolia (lance-leaved). fl., petals m rather undulated.
| 1. oval or oblong, regularly serra A. 20ít. India, 1820.
f CARALLUMA (C. adscendens is called Car-allum by the Telingas). ORD. Asclepiadacew. Stove evergreen shrubs, with almost the habit of Stapelia. Peduncles solitary, one-flowered, rising from the axils of the teeth. Stems tetragonal, toothed along the angles. For culture,
see
a
С. adscendens (ascending) fi. variegated with purple and yellow,
usually drooping; segments of corolla reflexed at cer aa
acuminated, glabrous. Branches slender, ascen , each bearing
а solitary flower at top. Л. lft. to 2ft. Coro; 4 à
С. fimbriata (fümbriate) Л. axillary, solitary, sub-campanulate,
| drooping ; segments of corolla falcate at top, with replicate
| fringed edges; marked with many transverse ГЕ lines, pale
" yellow beneath, upper part purple. Branches e ongated, attenu- * ated. А. біп. Burma, 1829. (L. B. C. 1863.)
CARAMBOLA-TREE. See Averrhoa Carambola.
A. The gum resin obtained from a species of
CARAN. Y Icica. It is used in medicine for plasters.
CARAPA (Carapa is the name of C. gwianensis in Guiana) ORD. Meliacee. А small genus of stove trees, natives of the West Indies, Tropical America, and Guinea. Calyx usually of four distinct sepals; corolla of four or five oblong, egg-shaped, spreading petals. Fruit large, and containing numerous seeds. These trees are of economical utility, and probably the only one in cultivation is C. guianensis. They succeed well in a mixture of loam and . sand. Ripe cuttings will root in sand, under a hand glass, | jna moist heat. ensis (Guiana) November.
guianensi М . the size of an apple. l, leaflets eight or ten pairs, alternate or o ite, elliptical, oblong, acuminated, coriaceous, shining, h. eU. Guiana, 1824. (A. G. 387.)
The other species quoted as having been introduced to this country are: C. guineensis and C. moluccensis.
CARAWAY. See Carum Carvi.
LR (from Kardamine, a diminutive of Kardumon, Cress, used by Dioscorides). Lady’s Smock. In- cluding Pieroneurwm. Окъ. Crucifere. A genus of hardy, usually smooth herbs. Racemes terminal, bractless. Leaves esi ee entire, lobed, or pinnately cut, usually very differ-
im the same plant. Only the perennial species are worth growing, and these mostly thrive in a damp, shady situa-
i
Cardamine—continued.
tion, in any kind of soil. They are easily propagated by divisions, after flowering.
C. asarifolia (Asarum-leaved).* /. white, in close racemes. May, June. l. smooth, stalked, cordate-orbicular, somewhat sinuately- toothed. h. lft. to lift. Mountains of Southern France and Northern Italy, 1710. (B. M. 1735.)
C. bellidifolia (Daisy-leaved). fl. white. April. Z. smooth, thickish ; radical ones stalked, ovate, entire; cauline ones few, entire, or somewhat three-lobed, not eared at the base. Л. in. Northern hemisphere. (F. D. 1, 20.)
C. chelidonia (Celandine-like). /., petals purple, oval March. 1. pinnate, rather smooth; segments stalked, ovate, toothed; lower segments pinnate into three or four small segments. л. lft. South and East Europe, 1739.
C. glauca (glaucous). fl. white, in dense racemes. Мау. l stalked, smooth, glaucous, rather fleshy, pinnate; segments five or nine, oblong, terminal one three-lobed. Stem diffuse, much branched. л. біп. Southern and Eastern Europe, 1824.
C. latifolia (broad-leaved). Л. purplish, a little larger than those of C. pratensis, June. l. large, pinnate, smooth; segments three or seven, rather orbicular, angularly-toothed. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Pyrenees, 1710.
с. those of
= ——
FiG. 365. CARDAMINE PRATENSIS. C. pratensis (meadow).* Cuckoo Flower. /7. usually pale purple, -
but sometimes white, Early spring. l pinnate; segments of the radical ones roundish, of the stem ones linear or lanceolate,
entire. А. 1%. to 13%. Northern —— ) See Fig. 365. There are numerous varieties 0! this species, includ-
ing a very desirable double-flowered one, frequently met with —— E
in à wild state. i : C. rhomboidea (rhomboid).* jl. white, large. Spring. l., root ones round and rather heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhomboid-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed. Stems upright, from a tuberiferous base, simple. United States of America. ue (purple).* А very pretty variety, with rounder-
C. r. purpurea i leaves, and the rose-purple flowers appearing earlier than thoseof — —
the type. E : . rotundifolia d-leaved white, rather small Spring. — pe nearly оа и dcin angled, often cordate at
266
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Cardamine-— continued. the base, petioled, the lowest frequently three-lobed, or of three- leaflets. Stems branching, weak or decumbent. Pennsylvania. С. trifolia (three-leaved).* fl., petals white, with a broad cune- ated claw, and a broad, spreading, obovate limb; scape naked. March to May. J. smoothish, ternate; segments sessile, rhom- boidal-roundish, toothed. Lower branches root-like, creeping. h. біп. Southern Europe, 1629. (B. M. 452.) CARDIANDRA (from kardia, a heart, and aner, andros, aman, anther). ORD. Sazifragee. А half-hardy evergreen shrub. Flowers corymbose; those at the margin of the corymb barren and radiant. For cultivation, see Hydrangea.
C. alternifolia (alternate-leaved). Л. white, lilac. July. Z. alter- nate, stalked, oblong-acute, serrated, and without stipules. A. 3ft Japan, 1865. (S. Z. F. J. 65, 66.)
‘CARDINAL FLOWER. See Lobelia cardinalis.
CARDOON (Cynara Cardunculus). This vegetable, is much esteemed on the Continent, but is not cultivated to any large extent in English gardens. A few are, how- ever, generally grown, being especially in demand where French cooks are employed. The ribs or stalks of the leaves, if well blanched and properly cooked, form an excellent dish in winter.
Cultivation. The preparation of the trenches and ground is somewhat similar to that adopted for celery ;
А : Fic. 366. CARDOON. = а space of about 2ft. between them, and 6ft. "diste 4 = ae sow a few seeds in the rows at this established. A much better plan is to sow the re- ired number, in small pots, at the end of April, and them in a cold frame, where the seed will soon D Mice are very fond of the seed, consequently
Thistle), &c.
| have their margins minutely serrated, which cause
plants grow much larger (see Fig. ~~ and гейш», ORD. Cyperacem. A very large genus of perennial
, thinning them out to one plant when
beauty whatever, and are only suitable for natura
$
Cardoon—continued.
the frame must be kept close enough to prevent their entry, or the whole will be destroyed. Select the strongest plant in each pot, as they grow, and destroy the others. Plant out before they become pot-bound, ш previously prepared trenches that have been well manured, © and water plentifully when necessary. Occasional forking or hoeing between the plants, to encourage growth and destroy weeds, will be all that is required, besides water- ing, until September or October, when the plants will be ready for earthing up. Before any soil is applied, the stalks must be arranged upright, and closely bound up | with haybands to within a foot of the tops. Тһе soil — must then be earthed up nearly as high as the haybands _ reach, and be beaten hard with the spade. It is very im- portant that this operation should be performed on a dry day, when the hearts are free from water, or they will | probably decay. The plants will be fit for use in about a month, and may be taken up as required. Should Cardoons be in great demand, an earlier or little later sowing ша, be made for successional crops. If the plants have to b kept for any length of time during winter, rain and fi must be excluded by means of a covering of litter other protecting material; or they may be dug up ап stored away in a cool, dry place, the haybands bi allowed to remain on. ae Sorts. The Spanish Cardoon with large solid ribs and spineless leaves, is the one most cultivated; it is liable to run to seed, but not as much as the common sort- : Tours Cardoon is much cultivated in France; but р саге is necessary in working amongst them, as the Іеахт have very long sharp spines. There are one or two othe varieties, but the Spanish is most preferable, and generally grown. 9 CARDUNCELLUS (the diminutive of Cardunculus, the Cardoon, and that from cardwus) ORD. Composite. Pretty hardy herbaceous perennials, related to Carthamu Flowers all tubular; pappus setaceous; involucral bra many-seriate, imbricate; receptacle flat, densely setos paleaceous. They succeed well in ordinary garden soil are readily increased by divisions of the roots. Cs cellus is rarely grown outside botanic collections. May, as long as the
cauline ones linear, d Spain, 1
series, united by a ring at all tubular, and
some may be desirable. Hence, we mention of a few of the more conspicuous species:
Candollei, chrysacanthus, nutans, pycnocephalus. (Blesse ре. Two Composite frequently met with
gardens, viz., Silybum Marianum and Cnicus benedictu are often mentioned in books and catalogues under the generic name of Carduus.
CAREX (from keiro, to cut; the leaves of many specie
to cut the hand if drawn rapidly along them). Бесе
like herbaceous plants, of which upwards of sixty аг natives of this country. Inflorescence paniculate, i larly clustered, spicate or racemose. Stems usually They are of the easiest possible culture in ordinary
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA
OF HORTICULTURE.
Carex— continued.
near lakes, &c. Some are grown in pots for table deco-
ration, and make beautiful plants for that purpose.
Fic. 367. CAREX BACCANS,
C. bac (berried). Inflorescence paniculate. ia -. varying from coral red to lustrous purple. л. 2ft. to 4ft. А noble species, from Tropical and Sub-tropical Himalaya. See Fig. 367. Grayi(Gray's. jl, fertile spikes two, or rarely one, consisting of fifteen to y flowers, oin globose heads, the ripe peri- gynia projecting in all directions, . h. 3ft. North America,
C. intumescens (swollen. /L, spikes usually five to eight- — -flowered ; ripe perigynia projecting outwards and upwards. June. h. 14ft. North America.
C. paludosa (marsh) ft., fertile spikes cylindrical, obtuse. May. 1. very broad, keeled, rough; bracts very long, foliaceous. Л. 2%. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 1668.)
C. pe (pendulous). /., fertile spikes very long, pendulous, z drical. Is e à Y equal to he flower-stalks. А. 3ft. to 5ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 1660.)
Ripe perigyn
м... "
3 C. riparia (river-bank) jl., fertile spikes scarcely pedunculated,
Carex—continued.
C. sylvatica (wood). fl., fertile spikes filiform, rather slender, slightly drooping ; sheaths half as long as the flower-stalks. Мау and June. l. narrow. Л. 1%. to 2ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 1665.) CAREYA. (named after the Rev. William Carey, of
Serampore, a distinguished botanist and linguist). ORD. Мутіасет. Very handsome stove trees, or small shrubs. Flowers large, with white petals and red or yellow stamens. Leaves alternate, feather-nerved, dotless, glabrous. А mixture of one part sandy loam and two parts fibry peat suits them best. Ripened cuttings root freely, if planted in sand, with a hand glass over them, and placed in a moist bottom heat. Careyas may also be propagated by dividing the roots.
C. arborea (tree-like).* Slow-match Tree. fl. sessile; petals white; stamens reddish; spikes terminal, few-flowered. i on short petioles, obovate or oblong, crenate-denticulate, about 1ft. long. Л. 30ft. to 60ft. India, 1823. Tree. (В. Е. S. 205.)
C. herbacea (herbaceous). ji. pedunculate; petals greenish- purple; stamens гей; racemes short. July. J. on short petioles, cuneate-obovate or obovate, serrulate, din. to 8in. long. h. біп. to lft. Bengal, 1808. Perennial herb, with a woody rootstock.
CARICA (erroneously supposed to be a native of Caria). Papaw-tree. Including Papaya. TRIBE Рарауасев. ORD. Passiflorem. A genusof stove evergreen fruit-trees, without branches, yielding an acrid milky juice. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed, standing on long terete petioles. They grow well in a rich, loamy soil. Cuttings of ripe shoots, if not deprived of their leaves, will root readily in a sandy soil, under a bell glass, and in a gentle bottom heat. They
are grown in this country more as curiosities than for
either ornament or utility. ; с. ee (Candamarcan). Synonymous with C. cun-
C. cauliflora (stem-flowerin ) Л. yellowish; male
usually five-flowered, rising ras tubercles on the trun
mately five-lobed ; intermediate lobe uated late, acuminated. А. 10ft.. o 20ft. South
; segments lanceo- __ |
. to 204. South America, 1806. : (Cundinamarcan) jl, green. fr. yellow, _ h. 6ft. Ecuador, 1874. SYN. C. ird mel УВ. M.
C. Papaya.* Common Papaw. Л. greenish; male ones corymbose. _ July. 4j. palmately seven ТОД segments deeply lobed, en :
с. edible. 6198.) .
acute. Л. 10%. to 20%. South America, 1690. (B. M 2898. .— CARICATURE PLANT. See Graptophyllum hortense. : Mc
CARINA. A keel, like that of a boat; also applied to the lower petals of a pea-flower. ee CARINATE. Keel-shaped.
CARINATELY-CONCAVE. Hollowed in manner as to resemble a keel externally. " a
CARINATELY-WINGED. Having a wing r sembling a keel. ee О И
CARIOPSIS. А one-celled one-seeded superior fruit, — whose pericarp is membranous and united to the seed, as іп wheat, maize, and other kinds of corn. . :
CARISSA (probably a native Indian name, in Mahratta, —— Korinda). ORD. Apocynacee. A genus of stove shrubs - and trees. Flowers white; peduncles axillary and terminal, many-flowered, everywhere 1 ning sterile and spines- cent. Leaves opposite, furnished with intrapetiolar bristles. They are best grown in a compost of peat and loam. Cuttings of ripe wood will strike if placed in sand, under a glass, in bottom heat. They are of economical value in their native countries. T C. Carandas (Carandas). /l. milky-white, Jasmine-like ; corymbs
terminal and axillary, few-flowered. July. 4. ovate, mucronat
or elliptic, obtuse, glabrous ; spines often two-forked. Sub-ar-
boreous. A. 15ft, to 20ft. India, 1790. = E J 663.) i C. grandiflora e-flowered).* jl. white, fragran’ ver-
shaped, 2in. across Му, 1. deep green ; spines axillary, forked. _
Natal, 1862. (B. M. 6307.) ; ыыы EN i C. spinarum (spiny). white ; pe ceolate; peduncles
terminal four а a eco. August to December. l. sm:
ovate, acute, veiny, shining. Branches gishotomona; DNE ј
аё each ramification opposite, the one above the E
at top, and shining. A. 20ft
other below it, red India, | Bey ae
db 4
*
268 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Carissa—continued.
C. Xylopicron (bitter-wooded). Л. white; petals acute; peduncles lateral, spiny, one to two-flowered. July. J. ovate, acuminated, glabrous, three to five-nerved. Branches forming a pyramidal суше. A. 20ft. Bourbon, 1820.
CARLINA (rom Carolus, pertaining to Charles, commemorative of the famous Charlemagne, whose army was said to have been cured of the plague by it). ORD. Composite. Hardy or half-hardy annuals, biennials, or perennials. Pappus feathery; receptacle chaffy ; invo- lucre imbricated, tumid, the outer scales with numerous spines, the inner coloured, spreading, resembling a ray. They are of very easy culture in ordinary garden soil. A few only are worth growing, and are readily increased by seed, sown in spring.
Fig, 368. CARLINA ACAULIS.
C. acanthifolia (Acanthus-leaved).* f.-heads whit innatifid, downy beneath; aedes ot grea or e У
lant stemless. A. 2ft. Southern E — nial. (A. Е. P. iii, 5L) wope, 1818. Hardy peren C. acaulis (stemless) JL-heads white. June. L pinnatifid,
naked; segments cut-toothed, spiny. Stem simple, one-flowered
A. 9in. Europe, 1640. Hard i 1 is.
See Fig SM NE. С. 1890, xii 170) ON C асай C. Biebersteiniana (Bieberstein' -head. ugusi
h. 2ft. Caucasus, т: Manten EP p С. subacaulis, A synonym of C. acaulis.
: CARLUDOVICA (named after Charles IV. of Spain, and Louisa, his queen). SYws. Ludovia, Salmia (of Wil- denow). ORD. Cyclanthacem. A genus of low-growing, palm-like, stove plants. Flowers of separate sexes, in Squares arranged very close together in a spiral manner, and forming cylindrical spikes. Leaves stiff, plaited, deeply cut into from two to five divisions. Plants unarmed. ‘The species are very ornamental, and several are eminently · _ adapted for sub-tropical gardening, for which purpose they are largely employed in Parisian gardens, They are easily grown with the usual routine of stove management thriving in а compost of two parts peat and one of sandy loam ; a liberal supply of water is needed, . ©, atrovirens (darkgreen)* l. and petioles green, X h, deeply bilo! A very fine ornamental teavad past. ' . C. Drudei (годен) . ivory white, borne on an erect-stalk. terete f cylindrical f. l ri green. "|ы. in Lrammverse diamo tated: ay оор,
Med ragaleris incoed af the mg a И беру
| arly incise e :
(G. C. n. s. 8, 715.) Ы зуна аң ir чке. nen C. ensiformis (ensiform). /l. white, in clos tite casio. М alt. Costa Rica, 1875." (B. M. GR) 5 Мранне,
„ humilis (dwarf).* Z rich а een; 12in. to 18in, Sin.
lin. m the widest pert, оро, deeply bifid at th Ды i
New Grenada. A very handsome but rare species. (R. H. 1869, 71.)
с, pamata ata (palmate).* 1, rich dark n, 2ft. T kirom at apex, and divided quite гуай the Zn
шщ : it of attach- _ ment into four lobes, each of which is divided narrow seg- ments; petioles 4ft. to height, 1818. Boe Fig 359. (RH 1861" ay eight, round, smooth. Peru, 1818. (purplish). 1, deep green, 2ft., or more, long, and
bad" bid at the apex, taperi: UR E 410. high, smooth, reddish-purple. Tropical
*
Carludovica—continued.
C. rotundifolia (round-leaved).* 1. flabelliform, divided in two places quite down to the point of attachment, thus presenting a trilobed appearance ; lobes divided into segments, which are very gracefully pendent. Costa Rica. : А
C. Wallisii (Wallis’s).* fl. white, very sweetly scented, dispo: in roundish oblong heads. l. ovate, two-lobed, and plica each division is about 1%. long, and біп. or 8in. broad; petiole erect, semi-terete. Columbia, 1879. (R. G. 992.)
CARMICHZELIA (named after Captain Dugald Car- michael, F.L.S., an acute Scotch botanist, author of the “ Flora of the Island of Tristan da Acunha,” inserted in the twelfth volume of the Linnean Society’s Transactions). ORD. Leguminose. Very ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, flowering for a considerable length of time. Théy_ thrive in a compost of sandy peat, to which may be added
a very little fibry loam and leaf soil. Cuttings of half- ripened side shoots root in sand, under a glass, in а 000 house, in April or May.
i Ета. 369. CARLUDOVICA PALMATA,
AN -ENCYCLOPADIA
OF HORTICULTURE. 269
Carmichzlia- continued.
©. a (southern).* jl. lilac; racemes simple, rising from the denticulations of the branches. May, September. č with three to seven obcordate leaflets. Branches compressed, A. 2ft. to dft. New Zealand, 1825. (В.В. 912.)
CARNATION (Dianthus Caryophyllus). These charm- ing flowers were, at one time, universal favourites, and the varieties were far more numerous than now. In the early days of gardening, they were often called Gilliflowers as well as Carnations. For some unaccountable reason, after 1850, they were seriously neglected, and many of the old varieties were entirely lost to cultivation; they are now, however, regaining popular favour, and are ot only cultivated by specialists, but scarcely any garden can afford to be without some. ‘There are no hardy flowers more deserving general cultivation than Carna- tions, as they present charming diversity and brilliancy of colouring, with a delicious perfume. Their stateliness of gr , and value in a cut state, are also charac- teristics greatly in their favour.
PROPAGATION may be effected by layers, pipings, or by seed.
Layers. This method is far more generally adopted than any other, whether the plants are grown in pots, borders, or beds. The end of July, or the beginning of August, is the best time for layering. Before commencing, а compost of leaf soil, loam, and sharp sand, in nearly equal propor- tions;-should be prepared. Some pegs can be made of bracken stéms, or other material of a like nature, which will decay in the soil. A layer of the compost, about 2in. in thickness, should be placed around each plant, as in this the young plants will root. The shoots selected should be denuded of a few of their leaves at the base of the young wood, and a slit must be made from this point upwards, extending through a joint of the bare stem, so that a tongue is formed. The layers should next be carefully pegged down in their place, keeping the incision open. About lin, of soil must then be placed over the layered
to tle beyond the peg, and the whole well watered.
If dry weather ensue, it will be necessary to give occa-
sional waterings; but care must be taken that the shoots
are not denuded of soil. Plants layered in pots should be
placed in the open till they are rooted, which usually takes a month or five weeks. See also Layering.
Pipings. Where shoots are too short or too numerous for
Carnation—continued.
a piece of glass should be laid on the top of the pan, till the seeds germinate; after which, the covering should be re- moved, and the pans placed in an airy position near the glass. As soon as the seedlings can be handled, they should be pricked out in beds, previously prepared by mixing in some fresh loam and rotten manure with the ordinary soil, and watered when necessary, to assist them in their growth. By the end of September, the plants will be sufficiently large to transfer to their permanent position in beds or borders, where they will bloom the following season.
GENERAL CULTIVATION. Winter Treatment. In favoured positions, many kinds will withstand the winter, i if the soil is light and well drained. Generally, however, it is necessary to provide accommodation, for a portion of the stock at least, in cold frames; and when a choice col- lection is grown, it would be useless to attempt to keep it intact withont winter protection. About September, when the layers or pipings are well rooted, they should be potted singly or in pairs, the former in Sin., and the latter in 4in. pots, according to the size of the plants. The potting com- post should consist of loam two parts, leaf soil one part, and sand one part, with a fair amount of drainage. After pot- ting, a good watering should be given, and the frame kept close for a week or two, until root-action is resumed, when air may be freely admitted. All through the winter, full advantage should be taken of fine weather to give all the air possible, by tilting, or entirely removing, the lights. If bleak winds prevail, it will be best to tilt the lights in an opposite direction to the wind. Until the beginning of
\
February, when, as a rule, the plants begin to grow, great - 3
attention must be paid to watering. They must be kept somewhat dry rather than excessively wet, as the greatest enemy in winter is damp. If kept too wet, a disease
known as “Spot” is likely to appear in the foliage, which — »
may prove very prejudicial. Watering those that are dry, with a small-spouted can, so as to avoid unduly wetting the foliage, is preferable to using a rose. After February,
they may have more water; in fact, it will then be very —— D
unwise to allow them to get at all dry. Cultivation in Pots. The end of February, or the be-
ginning of March, is, as a rule, the best time for potting; |
but, to some extent, this must be regulated by the season and condition of the plants. Pots 10in. іп diameter are
large enough to accommodate a pair of good strong plants, ^ while weaker growing ones may be placed in 9in., or even = Sin. pots. These should be well drained, and alayerofleaf —— soil or rotten manure placed over the crocks. The follow- — ing is an excellent potting compost: Two parts good fibrous — пене, у broken too finely, one part leaf mould, and n роми one rotte ich may be -
firm base, and they must either be taken with a heel, or added a Pa sprinkling ii E RA gere Деус че cu cc
cut off at a joint, and firmly inserted in the soil. Aftera | if it can be procured; well mix the whole together, but do
good watering, the light should be placed upon the frame, | not pass through a riddle. Pot the plants moderately firm, and the pipings must be kept close, and shaded. The soil | and sufficiently deep to allow of the layers being got to tho — must be maintained moderately moist till the roots are | surface without fear of breaking off. After potting, place
formed, but damp must be guarded against. —— back in the frame again, and keep well ventilated, until the
. Seed. Propagation of Carnations by seed is a very | plants show signs of fresh growth, when they may be stood interesting operation. By this means, new and excellent | ontside in an airy position. Watering must be very care- varieties are raised. Both single and double-flowered | fully performed for some time after potting, and staking / —— the leading growths must not be delayed, or they will be~ broken with the wind. If large flowers are required, ће — buds should be thinned in their early stages, and means taken to prevent the splitting of the calyx. Should there — be signs of this, make two or three incisions in the opposite —— side, and fasten a piece of matting round it, which will materially assist to keep the petals together. In order to
layering, or where they become broken by accident, it is desirable to propagate by pipings; such shoots may be _removed before the time for layering. Бог this mode of 2 ropagation, it is necessary to have a slight hotbed, and on it to put 4in. or 5in. of fine light soil, covered with silver sand. The pipings must be long enough to have a tolerably
plants are produced from a packet of seed; the latter can be selected, and the best perpetuated by layering. The
. principal nurserymen supply seed of good quality, or anyone а good strain may save his own. Hybridising
most suitable time for sowing is in April or May, and the _ best place a slight hotbed, or in a greenhouse. The pans
should be properly drained, then filled with fresh sandy
loam and leaf soil to within an inch or so of the top, makin it tolerably firm, and the surface afterwards levelled, rand vl M This should be scattered evenly overthe : then slightly covered with a little of the potting mixture, finely sifted. To keep the whole uniformly moist,
produce fine blooms for exhibition or other purposes, it will be necessary to thin the buds severely, leaving only the primary or finest ones to develop. he plants are best removed to a cool greenhouse, where
abundance of air сап be afforded; this protection will | greatly lengthen the period of blooming, and materially
For flowering, the . | an
'
270
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Carnation—continued. is поб practicable, a few lights, or some tiffany, should be temporarily arranged over them, when the same end will be gained; and after the plants are layered, the covering can be removed.
Cultivation in Beds or Borders. With the choicer varie- ties grown in pots, a magnificent collection may be culti- vated in specially prepared beds or positions in an ordi- nary border. There are a large number of beautiful Selfs, and fancy border varieties, as a rule richly scented, which are far better treated in the open ground; and, presuming a special bed is allotted them, which is a much preferable method, even if duplicates are planted in the mixed border, it is necessary to ridge up the bed in the autumn for exposure to the sweetening effects of wintry weather, and the extermination of insects. At the same time, a dressing of soot and lime, mixed, may, with advan- tage, be well incorporated with the soil, for the destruction of these pests, especially the wireworm, which is a very troublesome insect in Carnation culture. An addition of leaf soil and sharp sand should also be made if the soil is stiff or clayey. The plants should be put out in March, about 1%. apart each way; more space between the lines may be allowed if desired, according to the size or shape of the bed. Keep the beds clean, and, when dry, thoroughly watered. As the buds expand, occasional doses of liquid manure will be found beneficial. It will also be necessary to thin the buds if large blooms are required, as re- commended for those grown in pots. When grown in odd spaces in the border, equally as much attention is needed аз when grown in beds. The blossom-stalks require staking in order to display the flowers, and to keep them from being soiled. Very neat stakes should be used, and they should be neither longer nor shorter than really
Fig. 370. METHOD OF STAKING CARNATIONS,
Fig. 370, with which tying is unnecessary. im сея
some after, it will again be necessary to fumigate, but
; aA Wireworms are very destructive at the roots. The soil should be carefully looked over before being used for potting, as any wire- worms left in it would eat the roots as fast as they are killing the plant. Should established
Scarlet
some carrots placed in the soil will ! as the wireworms eat into them, and |
Carnation—continued.
the flower is not liable to burst it, as is the case when it short. The flower should be quite circular, and rising gradually towards the centre, so as to form half a ball The outer, or guard petals, should be large, and few i number, rising slightly above the calyx, then sprea horizontally; and the other petals should be regu disposed on them, nearly flat, and diminish in size tow the centre. The texture of the petals should be thick wax-like, and the markings distinct and clear; the grour а pure white, any flushing or running of the colour b a decided disqualification.
Fic. 371. FLOWERS OF BIZARRE CARNATION,
CrnAssES. There are three distinct classes, viz.: Biz (see Fig. 371), Flakes, and Selfs. The Bizarres have ac ground, variously marked and flaked with two or colours; of these there are Crimson, Scarlet, and T Purple varieties, each characterised by the disti colours predominating. Flakes have a pure тош Fe: with one colour, of which there are Scarlet, Purple, an varieties. Selfs should be one-coloured, in any tollo the more defined, the more effective they are. The he : ing is a selection of the best varieties in each ¢ present grown, to which additions are constantly made: ue A. D. SOUTHGATE (обме MOND (Haines), ECCENTRIC JACK (Fletcher), E. 8. 3 - (Hewitt), Isaac WILKINSON (Turner), J. D. TALL JENNY Linn (Puxley), доза.
Pink and Purple Bizarres. FALCONBRIDGE (Ма, TAYLOR (Gibbons), LORD CLIFTON (Puxley), ; Dodwell), Mns. BARLOW (Dodwell), OLIVE (Fletcher),
клган (Beardsley), SARAH PAYNE (№. том FOSTER 4
well), T. S. WARE (Dodwell) . J ieu
ADMIRAL CURZON (Easom), ALFRED
SON (Dodwell), ARTHUR MEDHURST (Dodwell), BEN
(Dodwell), CARACTACUS (Dodwell), CHARLES TURNER (Dod ANDY (Dodwell), DUKE OF GRAFTON (Hooper), e
(Wardt ) FANNY GARDINER, FRED (Dodwell), A
ard) JIM WHITAKER (Dodwell), JOHN HINES (
RD bim (Taylor), Mars (Hextall), MASTER ме (Dod welD, MR. FAwcETT (Fletcher), RAYNER JOHNSON ы SIR JOSEPH PAXTON (Ely) TOM BROWN (Dod well), ), (Dodwell) WILFRID SYMES (Dodwell), WM. SPOOR (Adams) d
ATTRACTION (Fletcher) BEAUTY OF ^j, DR. EON Unete DR. WHITRON AMFORD (Elliott) С. Е.
Р?
P ai E m id ^ сй? at i A Ely) Rape Wisaa (Dodwell) b
AN ENCYCLOPJEDIA OF HORTICULTURE.
271
Carnation-— continued. etcher), MR. BUCKLEY (Fletcher) MRS. BARRETT (Fletcher), bg аа (Dodwell), RACHAEL (Fletcher), RoB Rov (Gorton), ROSE OF STAPLEFORD (Holmes). carlet Flakes. ANNIHILATOR (Jackson) CLIPPER (Fletcher), cy GODFREY (Holmes) FRIAR TUCK (Dodwell), HENRY MAT- THEWS (Dodwell), ILLUMINATOR (Puxley) JAMES. CHEETHAM (Chadwick) JOHN BALL (Dodwell), RICHARD GORTON (Dod- well), RISING SUN (Kirtland), SCARLET KEET (Dodwell), SPORTS- MAN (Fletcher), WILLIAM LanG (Dodwell), WILLIAM MELLOR (Dodwell). j elfs. ALBERT (Turner), purple ; ARETHUSA (Dodwell), magenta ; MNT Ware), Lb enta, very fine; BRIDE (Overs), pure white, very fine ; CONSTANCE (Dodwell), rich rose; CORONER (Ware) bright scarlet; CRIMSON, old double Clove; CYNTHIA (Dodwell), bright rose, very pretty ; GERTRUDE TEIGNER (Ware), rich pink, very fine ; GLOIRE DE NANCY (Lemoine) pure white, very vigorous and free; Сос (Dodwell), carmine-purple; KING OF THE YELLOWS (Abercrombie) rich sulphur-yellow; LADY ROSEBERY (Turner) the best yellow Self; MARY MORRIS (Smythe), rich salmon-rose, immense; MRS. MATTHEWS (Mat- thews), pure white, freely fringed ; SPARKLER (Ware), crimson- scarlet; VIVID (Dodwell) very brilliant scarlet; W. P. MILNER (Fisher), pure white, of grand substance, one of the best.
TREE OR PERPETUAL. These are, without doubt, some of the most useful plants grown for cut bloom, and their culture is of the easiest. Some growers strike the cuttings from July till the end of August, in gentle heat, or layer the old plants in a frame, in August, and, when well rooted, pot them off into 3in. pots, or the stronger ones into 4in. pots, in which the plants are wintered the first season, in an airy position near the glass. The second season, the plants are grown on, and not allowed to bloom through the summer, about two shifts being given until they are in 10in. pots. : Meanwhile, the shoots are trained as required, and the general shape of the plant arranged. "When the
. pots are filled with roots, liquid manure should be supplied, and, about the middle of September, they may be taken in- doors, giving plenty of air for some days. By maintaining
a temperature of from 45deg. to 50deg., and applying liquid:
manure, plenty of bloom may be obtained through the win- ter and early spring months. For potting soil, use good
. fibrous yellow sandy loam three parts, and one part rotten
manure, with enough sand to keep the whole sufficiently porous to admit of the free passage of water. Another excellent method of cultivation is to put the cuttings in, selecting the small side shoots, about the middle of January, in bottom heat, of about 70deg. to 75deg., with
. an atmospheric temperature of 60deg. to 65deg.; or they
тау be struck in a half-spent hotbed, when it will not be advisable to put them in till February. As soon as rooted, they should be potted off, and gradually hardened,
—80 that they will bear removal to the greenhouse, where
“they should remain till April. They may then be shifted on, and grown liberally in pots, or be planted out. In June, go over the plants, and take off the tops; and, about once a fortnight, remove the tops of any of the side shoots which may appear likely to bloom. About the end of September, the plants should, if placed out, be carefully potted up, and shaded for a week or ten days, keeping them well sup- plied with moisture; and, after root action is resumed, removed to the greenhouse, and an unlimited supply of air given until frost sets in. Only sufficient fire heat should be applied in winter to maintain a temperature of 50deg. to 55deg., and a free circulation of air should be admitted on all favourable occasions during the day. Fumigate if fly should put in an appearance; and for mildew, flowers of sulphur should be thoronghly dusted
over the plants, washing it off after three days, taking
~ Care to remove all dirt from the plants.
Varieties. These are numerous, and their number con- stantly being added to. Тһе following are among the best:
A. ALEGATIERE, bright scarlet; AMAZON, buff, edged scarlet ; Coven rose; BOULE DE FEU, scarlet ; BRIDE, pure white : soalna GARDEN, scarlet; DRAGON, scarlet; FIREFLY, bright Goud ; PUORENCE, clear buff-yellow ; GARIBALDI, rosy-scarlet ; BART URDAULT, scarlet, erimson-flaked ; HENSHAW'S, scarlet; JEAN
M t scarlet ; JEAN SISLEY, yellow, red-edged ; La BELLE,
кеке » very fine; LEES, scarlet; MADAME ALEGATIER: carmine-rose; MAIDENS BLUSH, blush-white; Miss JOLLIFFR,
Carnation—continued.
blush-pink ; Mrs. G. HAWTRY, bright yellow; OSCAR, yellow; PRINCE OF ORANGE, yellow, edged with crimson ; PURITY, white; REMBRANDT, large crimson; SOUVENIR DE MALMAISON, blush- white; VALIANT, rosy-scarlet; VAN Dyck, white, striped rose VULCAN, mottled-red.
CARNAUBA PALM. See Copernicia cerifera. CARNOSE. Fleshy; of thick substance. CAROB-TREE. See Ceratonia Siliqua.
CAROLINA ALLSPICE. See Calycanthus floridus.
CAROLINEA. See Pachira.
CARPEL. A division of the ovary; one of the modified leaves forming the pistil.
CARPENTERIA (named after the late Professor Carpenter, of Louisiana). Овр. Вахіўтадет. Ап orna- mental tall-growing shrub, which will thrive in any good loamy soil and will probably prove hardy in this country. It is too recent an introduction for us to be able to speak more definitely respecting it.
C. californica (Californian)* f. white. l entire, 2in. to in. long, ани Berry fme with a minute and close pubescence. Sierra Nevada, California, 1880.
(Latin name used by Pliny) Horn- beam. ORD. Cupulifere. i “ medium-sized. Male flow drieal; braets imbricate.
Hardy deciduous trees, mostly , catkins later, sessile, cylin- Female flowers in lax terminal
FIG. 372. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CaRPINUS BETULUS.
catkins; outer bracts entire; inner bracts in pairs, three- lobed. Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous. - C. Betulus is the one most generally grown. It forms a _ good hedge plant, and bears pruning well, while the leaves - remain on after they are dead, thus affording good shelter. It is not much grown in this country, but its timber is valuable; it is also very useful as an agricultural tree, to _ shelter exposed fields, as it endures rough and windy ~ situations, and thrives well in common soil. The seeds. - which are formed in a small nut, are ripe at the end of - autumn, but they vegetate irregularly, some coming the -
272 THE DICTIONARY
OF GARDENING,
Carpinus—continued.
first year, some the second. If they grow thickly, they should be transplanted when a year old, but if thinly, they may be allowed to stand for two years, and then trans- planted, cutting off the extremities of the roots. After two years in nursery lines, they are fit for hedges. If not then removed, and a greater space allowed them to grow in, they will run up tall, and be unfit for hedge plants.
C. americana (American).* doubly serrate, soon nearly smooth; à halbert-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side. North America, 1812.
C. Betulus (Birch-like).* Common Hornbeam. /. yellowish. May. Jr., bracts flat, oblong, serrated, with two lateral lobes ; nuts brown, ripe in October or November. h. 508. to 70ft. Britain. See Fig. 572. There are several varieties, including aurea-variegata
. (golden-variegated-leaved), incisa (cut-leaved), quercifolia (Oak- leaved), and variegata (variegated). CARPOCAPSA POMONANA.
Codlin Grub.
CARPODINUS (from karpos, a fruit, and dineo, to turn round; application disputed). Orp. Apocynacee. Stove evergreen climbing shrubs, thriving in a mixture of open loam and sandy peat. Easily propagated from cut- tings of half-ripened shoots. The best known species is: C. dulcis (sweet). Л. green, almost sessile, twin, axillary, June.
1. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. A. 8ft. Sierra Leone, 1822. A
fruiting shrub.
CARPODONTOS. See Eucryphia.
CARPOLYSA (from karpos, a fruit, and lyssa, таре; in reference to the peculiar method of opening). ORD. Amaryllidee. А very pretty little bulb, from the Cape of Good Hope. For culture, see Ixia.
С. spiralis (spiral).* Л. white, reddish outside ; scapes filiform, 4in. to 6in. ne h, ouis twisted from the base vi жнь, thence straight; perianth tube short, widening upwards ; umbels two to four-flowered; spathe two-leaved April and May. J. spiral, filiform. 1791. SYN. Strumaria spiralis. (B. M. 1383)
l. ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply bractlets three-lobed, h. 10ft. to 50%,
See Apple or
Fic. 375. 8новт CARROT.
CARROT (Daucus Carota). Н biennial: ч wild Carrot is a native of Tod dE piga :
sort grown 1 є alittle discretion and care are required. The seeds being
the hands, to separate them, otherwise the plants will come | up in thick clusters or bunches. is _ eover the seeds with fine soil, and again rake over the
| to destroy weeds, or they will grow much faster than ti
Carrot—continued. 4 very important crop, or rather series of crops, as, in order - to keep up a good supply fit for table, it is necessary to sow often, so as to have a succession of young tender roots, free from the hard core which is invariably present many of the large varieties. :
Soil. Carrots require soil that is of a good depth and, й. possible, rather light. It should not be specially manured — for them, or they will produce forked roots, instead of. growing straight down. Ground that has been manured | for a previous crop will suit better. It should also be free from wireworms, or other injurious grubs. Мапу gardens do not contain soil suitable for good Carrot culture; in.
А
‚ such cases, it would be advisable to grow the short varieties | (see Fig. 373), and prepare a sufficient depth of soil for k
them. : Cultivation. Having selected the site, deeply dig the | ground for the Short varieties, or trench to a depth of .
Fic. 374. LonG CARROT,
from 18in. to 2ft. for the Long kinds (see Fig. 374). This should be done as early in autumn as possible, th ground left in ridges for the winter, forking it over spring. Before sowing, rake the ground level, and draw shallow drills, from 8іп. to 12in. apart, according to the . In these drills thinly sow the seeds ; and here
very liable to stick together, it is advisable that they should be mixed with sharp sand, and well rubbed between
After sowing, lightly-
whole of the ground, to remove stones and make the soil fine. As soon as the rows can be seen, flat hoe the
. Carrots, and make it a difficult matter to clear t "When the plants are large enough, thin them out to T ` Ain. apart, again removing some when large enough ©
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA OF HORTICULTURE.
273.
Carrot— continued.
cook. The main crops will be ripe and ready to lift during October, or early in November, according to the season. Carefully lift in dry weather, cutting off the leaves close to the crowns, and store the roots in moist sand or soil, in a cool place. For table use, the Horn varieties are, perhaps, the best. To secure а succes- sion, sow small quantities on a warm border, under a wall, in February, in March, and again in April. The main crop should be sown about the end of March, and additional sowings made each month until August. The smaller kinds will only require a space of about Sin. be- tween, and 6in. in the rows; on this account, they are most useful for small gardens.
ing. Early Carrots are generally in great demand,
.
and to them it is necessary to sow on a hotbed in | early spring. A great heat is not necessary, but it should be constant. Stable litter, with plenty of leaves well
mixed with it, should be prepared and put into a frame with a depth of 3ft. or 4ft. Tread it firmly and evenly, and allow it to remain for a few days before sowing. About біп. of light soil will be sufficient, and the seeds may be sown thinly, either broadcast or in shallow drills, after- wards watering in. The first sowing should be made early in February, and succession beds kept up until the end of April according to the quantity required. Give air on every favourable opportunity so soon as the plants are np, or they will quickly get drawn. They should only be moderately thinned at first, allowing them to grow large enough for usé, and then removing the largest each time for this purpose. Early French Forcing is one of the best varieties for forcing purposes.
Fic. 375. UMBEL OF CARROT.
"n umbel of Carrot, intact, is shown at Fig. 375. It is
. necessary to thoroughly separate the seeds before sowing.
-. Fic. 376. Carrot, JAMES'S INTERMEDIATE.
Sorts. 3 There are varieties of Carrots in cultiva- but Some are not fit for table use, on account of their
Carrot— continued. pale colour or the hardness of the core. The following may be relied on as some of the best for any purpose. Forcing and early crops: Common Early Horn, Early French Forcing, Early Nantes, and Early Short Horn (see Fig. 373). Main crops: Altrincham, James’s Intermediate (see Fig. 376), Long Horn (see Fig. 374), and Long Red Surrey.
CARROT BLOSSOM MOTH (Depressaria dau- cella). The caterpillars of this moth inflict considerable damage on the Carrot seed-crop, in summer, by eating away the flower-heads, which they envelop with their webs, - According to Miss Ormerod, the caterpillar is of a greenish- grey or yellowish colour, with black, hairy warts, and some faint streaks along the back; and the head, as well as the upper side of the first segment behind it, is brown or black. It is only about din. long when full grown. Some- times the caterpillar changes to the chrysalis in the flower- head; sometimes it bores for this purpose into the stem. The moth is little more than jin. in the spread of the upper wings; the head and body between the wings are P reddish-brown, freckled with black. The upper wings are of the same colour, freckled with white, and having black - streaks, and the under sides dark; the hind wings are _ light grey. on The only effectnal way of destroying this pest is to shake the infested plants, when the caterpillars will descend by — - means of a thread, and may be killed by burning or - otherwise. A dusting of powdered Hellebore would pro- bably be of some service; but, being a deadly poison, it should be used with great caution. С CARROT FLY. See Carrot Grubs. "An CARROT GRUBS (Psila rose). The grub of t Carrot Fly, which plays such havoc among Carrots, is cylin- drical, and of a pale yellow colour; the body tapers slig йу ‘towards the mouth, while the other end is rounded; its skin is smooth and shining; the tail has two little black tubercles. When the larva is full grown, it quits the Carrot, and, burrowing into the earth, becomes a pup light brown in colour, and oval. The perfect fly is sh black, slightly tinged with a greenish lustre. | TE yellowish legs, white “ balancers,” and hyaline transparent wings; the head is reddish-yellow, and the antennæ- palpi tipped with black. `= más dg 50 Кт These grubs are probably the most destructive insects that attack Carrots. They bore into the roots, causing the tops to turn brown and eventually to die. The crop is almost entirely lost in some gardens in conse Е soon as any plants are observed to be sickl be pulled up, and either burned or destroyed by son т means. Dressing the ground with lime the previous autumn, or the drills with lime and soot when sowing, is sometimes a good preventative. It is also important not to use the same ground for Carrots two successive years, especially if these insects ог any wireworms are present і
the soil. M UU | Hebrew garthami ; referring to the flowers yielding a fine — colour) Safflower. Овр. Composite. Pretty hardy annuals. Pappus paleaceous, hairy, or none; receptacle paleaceous, setose; involucre ovate, imbricated; scales ovate, leafy at end. They thrive in any ordinary soil, Seeds should be sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring; and, when the seedlings are large enough to handle, they should be transplanted а situation where they are intended to flower. These pla should only be grown in large gardens, = O. мамиле (жой). кым. South Europe, 1596, annual (В. М. 2142) ET C. ох) -heads yellow. y. h 2ft 9 о entir me P D d. he ott, . Egypt, 1551. (B. R. 110) Bub.
. Gristly, tongh,
E
274
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
CARUM (from Karos, the Greek name used by Diosco- rides). Caraway (originally found at Caria, in Asia Minor). Including Ptychotis. ORD. Umbellifere. Glabrous herbs. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate; segments or leaflets multifid. Roots tuberous. Caraway is a naturalised biennial, and will do well in most garden soils if tolerably dry in winter. The seeds are best sown in autumn, or in March, in drills 1ft. apart, and the plants, when strong enough, thinned out to about Sin. in the rows. Тһе ground will require an occasional hoeing. Seeds will be produced in the following summer, ripening about August. 'lhese are much used, after being dried, in con- fectionery, and sometimes for flavouring and perfumery. For culture of C. Petroselinum, see Parsley.
C. Carvi (Caraway). jl. white; involucre and involucels wanting. May. 1. bipinnate ; leaflets decussate, multifid. Stems furrowe h. 14ft. Europe. (Sy. En. B. 582.)
C. Petroselinum (Petroselinum). Parsley. /., involucre of few, partial one of many, leaflets. June and July. 2. decompound, shining ; lower leaflets ovate-cuneate, trifid, toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, nearly entire. Europe (naturalised in Britain) SYN. Petroselinum sativum. ^
` CARUMBIUM. A synonym of Sapium.
CARYA (from karya, a Walnut-tree, from karyon, a nut). Hickory. Syn. Scorias. ORD. Juglandacem. Very handsome hardy deciduous trees, far too rarely seen in this country. This genus differs from Juglans in having the male catkins clustered, with from three to ten stamens in each flower, and the firm (at length) dry exocarp splitting into four regular valves, and falling away from the smooth, bony endocarp or shell. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, of five to fifteen leaflets, serrate; the lateral ones in opposite, or nearly opposite, pairs, and' all spreading in one plane. Propagation is effected by nuts, planted where the trees ате intended to remain, as most of the species have very long tap roots, which, with the exception of C. amara, are nearly destitute of fibres. The species here described are all North American.
С. alba (white).* Shell-bark Hickory. fl., catkins glabrous. May. fr. globular or depressed ; nut white, compressed, barely mucro- DEO Cm DECEDERE
не min = r 3 the руасо Жү очар A А. 5066, to TOft. "o DD. BL [ra
С. amara (bitter)* Bitter Nut, or i tar
"m D id April. fr. globular ышто и eld globular, s uk vs nted. 4, leaflets seven to eleven, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pubescent when young, afterwards almost
glabrous. A.50ft. to 60ft. 1800. (T. S. M. 226)
C. olivzformis (Olive-formed). Pecan Nut. fr., nut olive-
x . L, leaflets thirteen to fifteen, oblong-lanceolate, tapering а, to a slender point, falcate, serrate. A. 306, 1766.
‚ porcina (pig). Pig Nut, or Broom Hickory. fr., nut
"oval, with a thick Dony shell. Z., leaflets tive e Miren, Mar
te, and taper-pointed, serrate, plot: ly во. A. 708. to 80%. (T. S. M. 224.) pouce
. tomentosa (tomentose.* Mocker Nut; White- : J^, catkins short, and lower surface of leaves t heart Hickory.
у, of a сео-
н. de ай or by suckers; the first named аге frequently pro- T duced in this country. ES
е Cumingii (Cuming’s).* l large, dark green, spreading, bi- ope 4ft. to 6ft. in length, a. Sft. in width ; niinulos Siu. £f
CARYOPHYLLEZ. An extensive order of herbs,
. With stems swollen at the joints. Flowers terminal, solitary,
or disposed in racemes, panioles, or corymbs. Leaves entire, opposite. Well-known genera are: Arenaria, Cerastiwm, Dianthus, Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene.
CARYOPHYLLUS (from karuophyllon, Clove-tree ; literally nut leaf, from karuon, a nut, and phyllon, a leaf). Clove-tree. The Arabs, who have been acquainted from all antiquity with the Clove, called it Qarumfel, which the Greeks altered to Caryophyllon. ORD. Myrtacew. А. stove evergreen tree, now generally referred to genus Eugenia. Cymes terminal, or sub-corymbose, in the forks of the branches. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, dotted. It grows best in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of firm shoots, with the leaves left on, will root if planted in a pot of sand, with a hand glass over them, and placed in a moist heat. It is difficult to preserve this tree through the winter.
C. aromaticus (fragrant).* Jl., petals pale purple; calyx dark 2 le; cymes many-flowered. l ovate-oblong, acuminated at
th ends. h. 20ft. to 40ft. Moluccas, 1796. The flowers of this tree are the cloves of commerce.
CARYOPTERIS (from karuon, a nut, and pteron, a wing; fruit winged). Овр. Verbenacee. Ornamental, hardy, herbaceous or sub-shrubby perennials, with a bushy habit. They thrive in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings.
C. Mastacanthus (moustache)* Л. rich violet; peduncles — axillary, fastigiate. Autumn. 1. ovate-oblong, petiolate, obtuse, ~ coarsely serrated, downy. A. 2ft. China, 1844. A Hafidsome greenhouse or half-hardy herbaceous plant, growing freely in any
garden soil. It requires plenty of water during the summer - months. SYN. Mastacanthus sinensis. (B. R. 1846, 2.) :
C. mongolica (Mongolian). Л. violet-blue, numerous, in small | long-stalked axillary corymbs, forming loose spikes nearly 2%. long. l. opposite, lanceolate-elliptic, greyish-green, hoary be- neath. A. 3ft. Chinese Mongolia, 1869. (R. Н. 1872, 451.) CARYOTA (old Greek name karuotis, used by Dio-
scorides; the Greeks first applied this name to their cul:
tivated Date) ORD. Palmee. A genus of about a d
species of very noble stove palms, with bipinnate leaves;
the ultimate divisions of which have the shape of the fins and tail of a fish—features which distinguish the present from all other genera of the order. They attain th size before commencing to flower; the зе developed first at the top, and last foot
Oin. long, sub-falcate, obliquely wedge-shaped below, and toothed upwards. The spadices hang in dreoplug tassel-like tufts from the axils of the leaves, and the flowers are succeeded h ои — je rede an additional charm to this beauti
stove plant. Trunk or stem slender, . high. Philippine Islands, 1841. (B. M. 5762.) m "es -
maxima (largest). 1. bipinnate ; pinnze coriaceous, rigid, elon- gated, dimidio-lanceolate, acuminate. Stem tall. Java, 1849.
C. mitis (mild) Z. reclining; pinn cuneiform, obli præ morse, A, 20ft, China, 1820. p oH +
C. propinqua (neighbouring) l. bipinnate; pinne coriaceous, sessile, оороо obtuse or acuminate, morse.- Stem tall. Java, 1850. xt ;
©. purpurabes (purple. 1. bipinnate; pinnæ uncaual, BR in size and shapa; petioles clothed vith um me Ш h. Wft Java. This species resembles C, urens, bt
AN ENCYCLOPADIA
OF HORTICULTURE. 275
Caryota—continued.
more compact, the petioles are not so long, and the leaves more numerous.
с. Rumphiana (Rumph’s).* l bipinnate, spreading, Sft. to 8ft. long ; pinnules sessile, c , obliquely cuneate an Mone, 4in. to біп. in length, and the same in breadth at the widest part, lying very flat and even, and deep n in colour. Indian Archi-
pelago. Very handsome and sobolifera (sucker-bearing). innate ; pinnze bright light oe. еи a A with a short black "ly tomentum. Malacca, elegant, slender-stemmed, some-
what dwarf species, not very unlike C. wrens in the form’ of the leaves. Suckers are rx "— produced by this species than by any other. See Fig. 377.
lb. i.
Fu. 377. CARYOTA SOBOLIFERA.
ore, length op t E ag, 0n. te Ил. n: more, in lengt X obliq Кою, s sub-coriaceous, caudate, біп. to in length, and 4in. in кели, Gack’ кем, Stem stout. A. 50ft. India, 1788 Pro bably the largest-growing species.
CASCADE, or WATERFALL. This, says Loudon, is an obvious improvement where a running stream passes a demesne, and is to be formed by first construct- ing а bank of masonry, presenting an inclined plane to the current, and rendering it impervious to water by the use of cement; and next by varying the ridge of the bank, and of the river below it, with fragments of rock, so chosen and placed as not to present а character foreign to what Nature may be supposed to have produced there. The ground frequently requires to be raised at’ such scenes, but may be harmonised by plantations. Where
Cascade, or Waterfall— continued, running water is conducted in the forms belonging to the geometric style of gardening, Cascades are constructed in the form of crescents, flights of steps, or wavy slopes, all of which produce excellent effects when appropriately introduced.
CASCARILLA BARK. ‘ce Croton Eluteria.
CASEARIA (named after J. Casearius, who assisted Rheede in the * Hortus Malabarieus"). Orn. Samydacec. A genus of stove evergreen trees, with astringent and medicinal properties, but of no ornamental value. There are numerous species.
CASHEW NUT. See Anacardium occidentale.
CASIMIROA (named after Cardinal Casimiro Gomez). ORD. Rutacee. A genus, allied to Skimmia, containing a couple of species, the one hitherto introduced being an evergreen greenhouse tree, succeeding well in rich friable loam with perfect drainage. It is very likely that this fine fruiting tree will be extensively grown when better known, as it would probably succeed in the open air in the Chanel Islands, in the south and south-west of Eng- land, and in Ireland. We have hitherto failed in striking. cuttings, as also in finding a stock on which it will graft. It may, however, be readily raised from seeds. : C. edulis (edible).* s
the size of a St. dien. X үсә erae fia md we
of a greenish-yellow colour when and having a delicious —
ripe, melting flavour, like that of a peach. 1. digitate. Mexico. e (G. C. n. s., viii. 465.) - З
wee SPECIOSA. See Bauhinia pétio- CASSANDRA (name of mythological origin).
ORD. Етсасет. A small genus of hardy shrubs, sometimes included under Andromeda. С. calyculata, ‘distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, is the only species known, C. angustifolia being merely a form of it. They thrive best in peat or sandy loam. Propagated by drei or by seeds, which latter, being very small, require ii ar : covered lightly with earth. с. lia 2! d).* y ep npe cr з in the manner of recurved racemes at the yd the ranches. April Z ers lanceolate, acute, sub-undulated — edges, rusty beneath. h. lft. to 2ft. "Qurolina, 1048. SYN. C.
soniy ta (small-calyxed).* -whi condit бы — RE ay on m ic ү = БС с recurved, lez
CASSAREEP. The ema id roots, rendered harmless by boiling.
CASSEBEERA (derivation ES Овр. ‘Filices. Stove ferns, from Brazil. Sori terminal on veins, sub- globose or oblong, not reaching beyond branches of а single vein. Involucre inserted netly within the margin, and separate from it, of the same shape as the - rinde and pressed down upon it' For culture, &c., see
(pinnate).* sti. біп. to 12in. long, stout, erect. fronds ir err =g h ‚ pinnate ; nate, linear-obl = I gins of the sepas p much ортаа in | the mature жы: close rows along the margins. ae C. triphylla (three-l sti. 2in. to 3in. long, slender, ` TD ser s ğin. ey way; segments three to five, nem equal, linear oblong. sori in ose rows along t e жаң segments. 1824. CASSIA фе Greek kasia of Dioscorides, from Hebrew ab A very emi genus of |
Lois n ои те leaflets opposite ; ed peri glandular. C. corymbosa is about the only species grown, and. even - is жа бер met with. ге
276
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Cassia—continued. all of very easy culture and propagation. The stove and greenhouse species thrive well in a compost of maiden loam, sand, and a little peat. С. corymbosa may be placed out of doors, in a sheltered warm spot in June; but, so soon as the frost touches the foliage, the plant should be potted up, and, after cutting it back nearly to the old wood, wintered in a cool, frost-proof greenhouse or vinery. The annuals and biennials are increased by seeds, which must be sown in March or April, in a gentle heat; and the shrubby species, by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which will root in heat, at about the same time of the year. Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise specified. C. alata (winged-leaved).* fi. yellow, large, bracteolate. 7. with
eight to twelve pairs of obovate-oblong glabrous leaflets, outer
ones the largest, lower ones approximating to the axils. h. 6ft. West Indies, 1751. Shrub.
C. auriculata (small-eared). Л. yellow; bracts oval-oblong; га- -
cemes axillary. June, July. i. with eight to twelve pairs of oval, obtuse, rather mucronate leaflets, which are puberulous when young; petioles glandular. A. 4ft. to 6ft. India, 1777. Shrub.
(rod) Л. yellow; racemes axillary, pedunculate. 1. with two pairs of ovate, obtuse, oblique leaflets, h. 12ft. to
June, July. with a gland on the petiole between the lower pair. 14ft. South America, West Indies, &c., 1782. Tree.
C. Barclayana (Barclay's) А synonym of C. Sophora.
C. biflora (two-flowered). /l.yellow; peduncles two to four-flowered, much shorter than the leaves. April, December. J. with six to eight pairs of oval-oblong or obovate, rather glabrous leaflets, with a subulate gland on the ver: between the lower pair. А. 4ft. to 6ft. South America, 1766. Greenhouse. (B. M. 810.)
C. corymbosa (corymbose).* fl. yellow, sed in numerous corymbs. Summer. J. with three pairs of oblong-lanceolate,
rather falcate leaflets, which are glabrous as well as the branches, es between the lower pair. h. Halt-hardy.
with an oblong gland on the
6ft. to 10ft. Buenos Ayres, 1796.
|у
FLOWERING BRANCH OF CASSIA MARYLANDICA.
3. emarginata (notched-leaved). fl. yellow; race Пагу crowded. Мау, June. J. with four pairs of от obtener x bescence E
ла iate leaflets, clothed with hairy рт м well as the rar i y: i э h and glandless petioles. A. 15ft. Wes :
vie p Yeti а rous le: er pair.
di - many-
ree to five pairs of oblong.
leaflets, with an oblong gland on the ЫЕ in us Pew R 1818. Noe annual, |
d
Cassia—continued.
C. glauca (milky-green). Л. sulphur-coloured ; racemes axillary, erect, shorter than the leaves. June. J, with five to six pairs of oval-oblong leaflets, which are glaucous beneath, puberulous when young; petioles glandular, one gland between each of the three : or four lower pairs of leaflets. India, 1800. A tall tree. :
C. Herbertiana (Herberts) Synonymous with C. levigata,
C. humilis (dwarf) А synonym of C. Tora. 3
C. levigata (smooth). Л, yellow. July. J. with three to five - pairs of ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, glabrous leaflets, with an ^. oblong acutish gland between each of the pairs on the petiole, — h. Sit. New Spain. Syn. C. Herbertiana. (B. R. 1422.) i
. landica (Maryland).* fl. yellow ; racemes axillary, many- - floweréd, shorter than the leaves. August, October. J. with . eight to nine pairs of ovate-oblong, equal, mueronate leaflets, with an ovate gland at the base of the petiole. л. 2ft. to 3ft. North America, 1725. This is the only hardy perennial species, and should be grown in a sheltered situation. It thrives in any common garden soil; and may be increased by seeds, or by | dividing at the root, in spring. See Fig. 578. 3
С. nictitans (twinkling), Л. yellow; pedicels supra-axillary, very _ short. July. 2. with eight to twelve pairs of oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate leaflets ; petioles villous, bearing a somew. pedicellate ри beneath the lower pair of leaflets. A. lft. Tropical and sub-tropical America, 1800. Greenhouse annual.
C. occidentalis (western) /. yellow; peduncles short, two to four-flowered, lower ones axillary, the rest disposed in a ter raceme. May, August. i. with four to six pairs of ovate-lanceo- late leaflets, with pubescent margins, and with a thick gland а the base of the petiole. л. lft. to 2ft. South America, 1759. (B. R. 83.) 7
C. Sophora (Sophora). fi., peduncles axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves, many-flowered. June. J. with six to eight pairs of linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous leaflets, with à fascicle of glands between each of the pairs of pinne, and a large depressed one at the base of the petiole. л. 8ft. tol0ft. Austras &c., 1824. Greenhouse. бүх. C. Barclayana. (S. Е. А. 52
C. tomentosa (tomentose).* fl. yellow. July, September. l. with six to eight pairs of oval-oblong, obtuse leaflets, which are : glabrous above, but clothed with hoary tomentum beneath ; pe- tiole furnished with glands, usually with one between each pair of leaflets. А. 5ft. to 7ft. Tropical Asia, &c., 1822.
C. Tora (Tora). Л. yellow. August. J. with three pairs of ob- ‘ovate, obtuse leaflets, with an oblong gland between each of the two lower pairs on the petiole, which ends in a bristle. h, 20. to 5ft. Tropics, 1693. Stove annual. SYN. C. humilis.
CASSIDA. A synonym of Scutellaria (which s
CASSINE (the native name given by the Americal Indians of Florida). OR». Celastrinee. This genus as understood is restricted to the species mentioned b A greenhouse evergreen shrub, with opp: coriaceous leaves, and axillary peduncles, flowers. and ripened cuttings will readi a pot of sand, with a hand glass C. concava (concave). І
ү:
E
1690.
CASSINIA (named after M. Henri Cassini, an e nent French botanist). ORD. Composite. А handsc genus of,for the most part, greenhouse shrubs or b ceous perennials. Flower-heads very numerous, 8
disposed in terminal corymbs or panicles; florets tubui
receptacle furnished with linear scales. Leaves alter
entire, revolute. The species are of easy culture ina - and peat compost. The annual is increased by seeds
which must be sown оп a warm border during April. £
herbaceous and shrubby kinds are propagated in A dividing at the roots, or by cuttings of half-ripened sh
placed in sand.
y h. lft. New R. 764.) ;
C. aurea (golden). J/L-heads yellow.
Wales, 1 Greenhouse shrub. (B. " C. denticulata -toothed).* Л.-Леайз yellow. Summer. ^ 2 8ft. New South Wales, 1625. не evergreen shrub.
. Spectabilis (showy). /.-heads very pale yellow. July.
. lower ones oblong, shortly acuminate, B. imei dye ед ;, Ain.
: long, woolly. ' oft ; ustralia, 1818. Hardy annual. (В. Е. __ CASSIOPE (of classical derivation). ORD. Er * A genus of small, hardy, Heath-like shrubs, sometimes rroneoi included under Andromeda. Flowers 80
ЗӢ
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA
OF HORTICULTURE. 277
. Cassiope—continued. pedunculate, lateral or terminal Leaves small, imbricated. All the species are delicate little plants, and require great care in their culture. They are best planted in sandy peat, and partially shaded. Propagated by layers.
white or pale red; cam-
ulate, м, ла А. uced at the top of the little
branch May. l. imbricated in four rows, with revolute membranous
forming one of the best and most interesting of alpine plants, and It delights in gritty, pm 4
TW ÍLA ИТА fj ; л Е "o а ^ he SS Are SS Im
А e =, NT А E Se
XY Ax
Fic. 379. CASSIOPE TETRAGONA.
— €. tetragona (four-angled * f white ; сайа сынына ө gon mre edm, m А solitary, and ue duced. March. J. imbricated in four rows, obtuse, rnc Mte ишни энчи, h. біп. to 8in. d,
t li evergreen, requiring ое solh and а пон SP a ich yw lout So à ve 1
. 37 e b ML 5181.) In gardens, this is usually called Andro-
1810.
stipulate, deciduous, serrated. red, or baked
_ is a consideration; but the trees will grow freely, and form . good speci ‚ їп almost апу position. The young trees must have all side shoots removed, until they form stems . . Propagation is effected by seed, grafting, or budding, but chiefly by seed.
ipe: or еу may be kept till February or March. By
. the plants 2ft. asunder.
—
Castanea—continued,
adopting the latter course, the risk of destruction by rodents, &c., is greatly lessened. Some stratify the nuts in damp sand, during winter, and plant them out in spring, at the same time removing the points of the radicles or growing roots, with a view to making the trees more dwarf and sooner fertile. The simplest way, however, is to sow either in November or February, in drills, 1ft. apart, and Зіп. deep, placing the nuts Зіп. or 4in. apart in the rows. If the plants make rapid growth, they can be re- planted the following November, in drills 3ft. apart, and On good soil, and with proper attention, they will be fit for finally placing out in from three to four years from the time of sowing.
Grafting is resorted to for iticreasing any good variety for fruiting. All may be perpetuated in this way; but | a few are so distinct that a large percentage of similarly good sorts may be expected from their seeds. |
Budding may be performed in July, or any time after the buds are sufficiently plump. Good large fruiting varieties - are rather scarce, and anyone contemplating growing these, should make sure of getting the best, either from a first- - class English nursery, or from the Continent. : z
PLANTING. The Chestnut looks well planted singly or- in groups. In the latter case, from 20ft. to 30ft. apart will be suitable distances, and from three to fifteen trees in a - group will give a noble effect. For coppices or un d, the trees should be planted about 5%. apart, the coppice being cut every twelve or fifteen years. ue
FIG. 580. CaTKIN AND FRUIT OF SPANISH CHESTNUT селата © |
Же dee chem map a 1 mucronately
278 DICTIONARY
OF GARDENING,
Fic. 581. FRUITING BRANCH OF SWEET CHESTNUT (CASTANEA SATIVA).
CASTANOSPERMUM (from kastanon, a chestnut, and sperma, a seed; in reference to the seeds, which taste like chestnuts). Moreton Bay Chestnut. ORD. Leguminose. _ This genus is limited to a single species, which is a large _ greenhouse evergreen tree, endemic in Australia. For _ culture, see Ceratonia. С. australe (southern) Л. saffron-coloured ; calyx coloured ; a crm cond gm dft. to coke. et - CASTILLEJA (named in honour of D. Castillejo, a botanist of Cadiz) ORD. Scrophularineæ. Herbaceous, rarely suffruticose plants. Flowers axillary, solitary or terminal, and spicate ; corolla tubular, compressed, bi- labiate. Leaves alternate, entire, trifid or multifid; bracts large and coloured. These are very ornamental plants, With one or two exceptions, are rarely seen in cul- tivation. All are probably more or less parasitic in habit, and this accounts for the difficulty generally experienced in preventing the plants from being altogether lost, All ‘succeed in a peat soil, with a little leaf mould and sand, but some do better in good loam. Hardy and half hardy pecies may be increased by seeds. "inea (scarlet).* Л. yellow; bracts scarlet. July, L, as well thec d bracts, divaricately trifid. h. 1ft. Nort ica. 1787. Hardy pen oed ры: (В. R. 1136.) icr ees ©. indivisa (undivided).* Л. greenish-yellow; bracts wholly |. ean стей. 1. sessile, ascending, oblong ; upper ones ii h. біп. to lft. Texas, 1878. Perennial. y in 5 best raised from seed annually. (B. M. 6316.) Г Athospermum-like). Л. . August, . Mexico 1848. Half-hardy. (F. dos, desi). “п ata (vermilion).* fl. yellow, with vermilio bracts, us Коч, Фе к мю California. 1874.
ons
"fly spike simple, with pale, nearly white or ыл ., radical ones linear, ыле Р1ап
North-Wes petennial. m
| species except longissima and microphylla, which are stove | | species of easy culture, and are propagated by cuttings _
DA (pr ably eommemorative of Castillejo). | ni two or three species) belonging to | |
Castilloa—continued. :
the order Urticacew, and having male and female - flowers, alternating one with the other, on the . same branch. С. elastica coritains a milky juice, yielding Caoutchouc.
CASTOR-OIL PLANT. communis.
CASUARINA. (supposed to be derived from the resemblance of the long, weeping, leafless branches to the drooping feathers of the Casso- wary, Casuarius, which is a native of the same country as the majority of the Casuarinas), Beefwood. ORD. Casuarinee. Very interesting and remarkable greenhouse evergreen trees. Male flowers in cylindrical spikes; perianth of one or two concave or hood-shaped segments.
See Ricinus
Female flowers in globose or ovoid spikes or
cones; perianth none. They thrive well in a compost of loam and peat, with a portion of sand. The stronger growing species do well in loam. Propagated by cuttings, made of half- ripened shoots, in April, and placed in sand, under a bell glass; or by seeds.
C. distyla (two-styled). jl. dicecious; scales of cones : unarmed, ciliated. Branchlets ovate, round. А. 15. — Australia, 1862, (Н. Е. T. i., 348.) a
C. equisetifolia (Equisetum-leaved). fl., scales of . cones unarmed, ciliated. Branchlets flaccid, round. _ h, loft. Australia. E.
C. quadrivalvis (four-valved). Synonymous with 5 C. stricta.
C. stricta (upright) fl., scales of cones villous; male | sheaths sub-multifid, ciliated, Young branches some- - whatflacceid. h.18ft. Australia, 1812. SYN. C. quadri- | valvis. (Н. Е. Т, i., 347.) : CASUARINEZE. An order of jointed leaf. ~
less trees or shrubs, with striated internodes. Flowers unisexual, the males in distinct whorls, forming a cylin- - drical spike; the females in dense axillary heads, with out any perianth. Nuts winged, collected in a сопе hidd under the thickened bracts. The only genus is Casuarina CATALPA (the Indian name of the first species). ORD. Bignoniacem. Trees with simple leaves, opposite, or posed three in a whorl. Flowers terminal, panicled; corolla campanulate, with a ventricose tube, and an unequal fo lobed limb. As a single specimen upon the lawn, or occu ing the edge or skirting of any “cbse roi. shrubbery, very few things are superior to a well-grow plant of О. Ьун М, Mane et Аш: ay au Propagated by seed sown in spring, by layers, or by- cuttings of the ripened shoots, made in autumn. Tho same cultural remarks are generally applicable to all the -
made of the ripened shoots, placed in heat, under a glass. bignonioides (Bignonia-like).* fl., corollas white, Је o ри purple and ye low; panicles large, branchy, terminal, дас uly: l. cordate, flat, three in a whorl, large, deciduous. л. 20ft. 40ft. N. America, 1726. Syn. C. syringefolia, (В. M. 1094, See Fig. 382. The form with bright yellow-tinted leaves very ornamental. if Bungei (Bunge's) Л. greenish-yellow, with red spots, la ml K simple 7-9 ог racemes. Г. ovate, acumi entire, or lobed, glabrous. A. 8ft. to 10ft. North China.
microphylla (smallleaved). jf. white, large ; limb und lat inal three-flowered. opposite, ) | st Domingo, 1820, SN white, large, disposed in rather. corolla lo than the lower, States, 1879. This comes €
35 5
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA
OF HORTICULTURE. 279
Catalpa-—continued.
Ес. 382. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES.
C. bignonioides, but may be distinguished from that species chiefly by its softly downy, slender, acuminate and inodorous leaves, marked with similar glands in the axils of the principal veins on the under side; by its much less crowded racemes, and by its much larger flower, fruit, and seed.
C. syringzefolia (Syringa-leaved). A synonym of C. bignonioides, CATANANCHE (from katanangke, a strong incentive ;
referring to an ancient custom among the Greek women of
using it in love potions). Овр. Composite, Very pretty and free-growing annuals or perennials. Pappus scaly pointed; | involuere scarious; florets all ligulate; heads solitary, on long stalks. They thrive in ordinary border soil In- —erensed by seeds, which should be sown in March or April, and the young plants, when large enough, potted off or pricked out in the position they are intended to occupy.
The flowers are very useful for cutting.
C. ezerulea (blue) fl.-heads blue, or blue and white. August, i. hoary, narrow, lanceolate, with one or two little teeth on each side. л. 3ft. South Europe, 1596. Hardy perennial The form producing blue and white flowers is known in gardens as C. bicolor. See Fig. 383. (B. M. 293.)
С: lutea (yellow). jL-heads yellow. June. А. 1%. J. similar to those of C. c@rulea. South Europe, 1640. Hardy annual. (S. F. G. 821.)
CATASETUM (from kata, downward, and seta, а bristle; referring to the position of the two horns of the column). ORD. Orchidee. А large genus of strong, rapid- growing stove epiphytes, more curious than beautiful. Flowers generally green, in erect or drooping racemes from the base of the stem; sepals and petals of a firm, leathery texture. Leaves plaited, membranous. It is probable that if better known, this genus, as well as its allies, Cycnoches and Mormodes, would be more generally cultivated, as the singular structure of their flowers always commands a considerable amount of interest; while the manner in which the pollen masses of the Catasetums are ejected, is in itself a great curiosity. Another charac- teristic of the Catasetums and Cycnoches is the occasional production of two or three kinds of flowers on the same plant, sometimes on the same flower-spike. So dissimilar are these flowers, that, when first observed, they were con- sidered to belong to distinct genera, and named respectively
C. maculatum (spotted).* lea tip ciated. with pun
Catasetum, Monachanthus, and Myanthus, the first name
Catasetum—continued.
being assigned to the large fleshy flowers furnished with horns or feelers, and which are now generally considered to be the seed-bearing flowers; the second to the hornless, sterile flowers; and the last to those which, together with other structural differences, bear the horns at the base, instead of the apex, of the column. When growing, too much water can scarcely be given them, provided they be well drained; but, when resting, they should be dried as thoroughly as a deciduous Dendrobe; the resting period to continue from the time the new growths are fully completed until they again begin to:grow, no matter how long it may be, unless flower-spikes appear, in which case water should be given until the flowers are decayed.
Catasetums may be grown with consider-
able success in pots, but baskets are much
more satisfactory.
C. barbatum (bearded). fl., sepals and petals narrow, green, and blotched with purple; lip green and pink, outer edge fringed, delicate fibres of a dull white, like a beard. May. Demerara, 1836, (B. R. 1778.)
C. callosum (hardened).* Л. brownish-yellow ; petals linear-lanceolate, same form as dorsal sepal; lip ovate-oblong, obtuse, saccate towards the base, crenated and furnished above the sac with a large orange-coloured callosity; column acuminate. June. А. lft.
e La Guayra, 1840. (B. M. 4219.)
cristatum (crested). greenish; perianth spreading;
E RY saccate, Cree h. 2ft. deti
FiG. 383. CATANANCHE CJERULEA.
; ms b Mexico. (B. Te 2, 62) -
280 THE DICTIONARY
OF GARDENING,
Catasetum—continued.
C. Naso (nose-like-lipped). Л. white, purple; sepals oblorg-lanceo- late, complicate, equal to the ascending lanceolate petals; lip hemispherical, drawn out into an abrupt ovate fleshy blunt ap- pendage at the apex, lacerated at the base; spikes short, erect. August. Л. 2ft. Mexico, 1843.
C. ochraceum (reddish-yellow). fl. yellow; sepals and petals ovate, secund; lip cucullate, entire, smooth, contracted into a short, broad, blunt, fleshy beak at the apex. Brazil, 1844
C. Russellianum (Russell’s).* Л. greenish; lip membranous,
. inflated in front, contracted at the mouth, the inner margin drawn out, undulated and fringe-crested in the disk. July. l. broad, lanceolate. Л. 3it. Guatemala, 1838.
С. saccatum (pouched).* Л. very large and extraordinary ; sepals and petals spotted with rich purple; lip bright yellow, thickly covered with crimson spots; it is bored, as it were, in the middle, by a narrow opening, which leads into a deep chamber or sac, which is not observed till the back of the lip is turned up. : March. Demerara, 1840. (L. S. О. 41.) x
С. scurra (dandy). fl. pale straw-colour or waxy white, fragrant. l. lively green, about біп, long; bulbs about 1żin. long. Demerara, е, у curious, and with а compact habit. (G. С. n. s. vii., p. 304. А
C. tabulare (table-formed-lip) /. pale green. Guatemala, 1843.
C. tridentatum (three-toothed). Л. yellowish-brown; two inner
TO spotted ; lip galeate, three-toothed. April Trinidad,
CATCHFLY. See Silene.
CATECHU. See Areca Catechu.
CATERPILLARS, WEB-FORMING. See Haw- thorn Caterpillars
CATESBJZEA (founded by Linnæus, in honour of his с ; Mark Catesby, author of * Natural History of Carolina") Lily Thorn. ORD. Rubiacee. Stove ever- green glabrous shrubs, bearing supra-axillary, simple spines. Flowers axillary, solitary; corolla funnel-shaped, with a very long tube, gradually widening and dilated to the throat, and a four-parted limb. Leaves small, oval, usually in fascicles. These are very ornamental plants while in bloom. They grow best in a mixture of light turfy loam and peat. Cuttings will root in April, if planted in sand, and plunged in heat, with a bell glass | Йе» them. Insects often infest these plants and
. Considerably impair their beauty; theref ^4 аниа shonid be SUMMERS U^ m eed
... C. latifolia ki * ian: bu] Siong, obconical at ihe apex ; bees оше уеге Jem теу shining, convex, orter than the s 1 s Sft. "West Indies, 1823, (B. R 858) аа “he spines. A. Aft. to ^ «7p (small-flowered). fl. erect ; |
: E be, оаа je Biel a amo ани Е a ote; M with revolute margins, mucronate, h. 4ft. to 5ft. . C.spinosa (spiny). 7 pendulous; corolla pale yellow, Zin, to біп long. Мау. L ovate, acutish at both rather к * . hespines. А. 108.0 14ft. Bahama Islands Du longer than RATHA. (a name of Arabian origin). . А monotypic genus. Flowers small; cymes sh il- lary, dichotomously branched. Lea: орны fe
. late, lanceolate, leathery, serrated. For culture _ lastrus. | | чайбы _ €. edulis (edible). Сайа or Khát. i
B y Gary ate oe E _ Greenhouse or cool conservatory. SYN. Celastrus edulis. —
CATHCAR ‚ (in honour of J. Е. Cathcart,
3.C.8., Judge of Tirhoots). ORD. Papaveracea. ye
pretty herbaceous biennial, thriving well in any light rich
soil, if the situation is she and sunny. Increased by
€. villosa (hairy). 7. rich yellow, with numerous brown
about Zin. across. June. 1, vine-shaped, ашыш, 9 ы А Mi. Sikkim-Himaiaye, 16560. (B. М.а, densely ATKIN. A deciduous spike isting of uni
Ru emm аншы шир.
M ease of those plants grown in pots, it has been frequ!
CATOBLASTUS (from kato, beneath, and blastos, growth, in allusion to the aérial roots). ORD. Palmee. A small genus of two or three stove palms, closely allied to Iriartea, but differing from that genus in the male and female flowers being borne on separate spikes, the males having a small rudimentary ovary in addition to the nine to fifteen stamens; whilst the females have scarcely any. rudimentary stamens. Trees having, in their native habi- tats, trunks from 30ft. to 50ft. high, distinctly marked with circular scars, supported, a short distance above the level of the ground, upon a tuft of aérial roots, and bearing: & crown of pinnate leaves. The undermentioned is the only species in cultivation. For culture, see Iriartea.
C. przemorsus (bitten off).* J. impari-pinnate ; leaflets simple. - Venezuela, 1850. SYN. Iriartea preemorsa. | CA'TOPSIS (from kato, beneath, and opsis, appearance).
ORD. Bromeliacem. A small genus of stove herbaceous
plants, formerly included under Tillandsia (which see for
culture). |
C. nitida (shining) Л. white, remotely disposed in rather long, slender spikes; corolla deeply three-parted ; scape cylindrical. 1. few, lingulate, convolute, forming below a hollow tube, which. is swollen or ventricose at the base; very shining dark green. TET Бу SYNs. Tillandsia nitida and T'ussacia nitida,
~
CAT'S TAIL. See Typha. ] CAT’S-TAIL GRASS. See Phleum. 4 CAT THYME. See Teucrium Marum.
CATTLEYA (named in honour of William Cattley.. Esq., of Barnet, Herts, a famous patron of botany, and one of the most ardent collectors of rare plants of his day). ORD. Orchidee. A magnificent evergreen genus, which occupies the first rank in the estimation of orchid growers, both on account of the great size of the flowers—often "in. or 8in. across—and also from their rich and varied colours. In addition to these qualifications, they are, with one or two exceptions, extremely easy to manage. This genus has much in common with Lelia, from which it is technically distinguished by possessing four pollinia or pollen masses ` instead of eight. The flower-scape, which is enclosed in sheath, rises from the top of the pseudo-bulb, a single spike sometimes containing nine perfect flowers, and oocasiona many more, which last a considerable time in They vary considerably in size; for, whilst some ie make pseudo-bulbs only some 2in. or 3in. long, others rea as many feet in height, forming, in a natural state, masses several yards in diameter. They all form pse bulbs, which are more or less stout in the different spe and usually bear a single, dark green, coriaceous leaf the apex. One division of the genus produces two lea* upon the summit of the pseudo-bulbs, and sometimes, more rarely, three are developed. Generally speaking, ever, the largest-flowered species are to be found ал those with single leaves. We have now many var which have been produced by hybridising, and these, for size of flower and the marvellous beauty of their n ings, may vie with the choicest of the introduced kin Many of these plants thrive best when attached to а blo of wood—with a little sphagnum— suspended from the ro pot culture, however, for those which attain any consid able size, will be best, as they will not only if grown in & manner produce the finest blossoms, but will require сате and attention at the hands of the cultivator. For р ting material, use good fibrous peat from which all the gri part has been well beaten; add to this some chopped living.
sit
sphagnum, and some clean, sharp silver sand. Th drainage is most essential; and, in potting, let the plant upon the top of the soil, which should be elevated Э above the rim of the pot, in order to carry the water э! quickly. Cattleyas like a genial, moist atmosphere, and abundant supply of water during the growing season, W should be administered from the watering can; for, in
remarked that, where regularly syringed, they neither
C. amethystoglossa (amethyst-tongued).* нап. Sepals and petals ros wi
*
AN ENCYCLOPADIA
OF HORTICULTURE.
281
Cattleya—continued.
nor flowered so well. When grown suspended from the roof upon blocks of wood, there is nothing to fear from the syringe, because the water is not so likely to lodge in the large sheathing scales which envelop the young growth. This, however, may easily occur to those in pots, and is very detrimental to the miniature pseudo-bulbs. The syringe should not be depended upon entirely as a supply to those plants grown upon blocks; but, during summer, they should be carefully taken down, two or three times a week, and immersed in a tub or pan of water, which should be at least of the same temperature as the house they are growing in. After the pseudo-bulbs are formed, water must be withheld, and the plants allowed a season of rest; but care should be taken to prevent them becoming exhausted during this period, as much injury may arise if the withholding of water be carried to excess. A long season of rest will cause the plants to flower more freely, and to grow more vigorously afterwards. In our enumeration of the best species and varieties, we have derived considerable in- formation from the works of Lindley, Warner and Williams, &c. New and distinct hybrids are constantly produced.
C. Aclandis (Acland’s).* Л. twin; sepals and petals usually .
chocolate-brown, barred with irregular transverse bands and streaks of yellow ; lip large, spreading, varying from rich rose to almost deep purple ; base of hp too narrow and too reading to cover the column. July. J. ovate, coriaceous, ark d Pseudo-bulbs slender, бір. to біп. high. Brazil, 1839. m M,
. about біп. in i ais сову e a rh deep purple or blotch purple; wholy of а rich deep p amethyst mri. s erect, many-flowered. March to May. 1. dark green, leathery, borne upon the apex of the pseudo-bulbs. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1862. (В. M. 5683.) The variety sulphurea is very pretty, with the ground colour of the flower pure yellow, and spotted, as in the ; lip broad, of a rich cream-colour. 1866. (©. С. 1866, 315.) : :
Fie. 384. FLOWER OF CATTLEYA BICOLOR,
C. bice (two-coloured).* fi., sepals and petals of a peculiar b narrow, of à rosy-purple colour,
TO green hue; lip long, ^ which becomes paler towards the margin; spikes eight to ten-
Cattleya—continued.
flowered. September. A.13ft. to 2ft. Brazil, 1 In the best varieties, it is rich magenta, with an interrup on Заң margin ; the blossoms have the fragrance of the garden Pink,
Fig. 384. (B. M. 4909.)
C. chocoensis (Choco)* Л. large, not fully expanded like the gend of this genus, somewhat campanulate PY. sepals and petals pure white, broad, more or less fringed at the edges ; lip yellow, stained in front with rich purple. Pseudo-bulbs bear- ing a single oblong, stout leaf. Choco, New Grenada, 1873. (I. H. n. s. 120.)
C. citrina (citron-flowered).* /l. of a bright uniform lemon-yellow colour, most deliciously perfumed, solitary, from the latest de- veloped pseudo-bulbs, of-a stout and waxy consistence. Ма to August. J. from біп. to 10in. long, and about lin. ind pale glaucous. Pseudo-bulbs small, oval, covered with a silvery membrane when young; two or three-leaved. Mexico, 1838. This beautiful species is generally grown upon a block of w with just a small portion of sphagnum; but we have seen it grown in pans, just like any other Cattleya; the atmosphere CX WT ош and the temperature very cool See Fig. 385.
(curled).* Jl, 4in. to bin. across; sepals and petals white, or white suffused with lilac; lip crimson velvet, with a narrow
white crisp margin ; spikes strong, frequently four or five-flowered. pier August. Pseudo-bulbs clavate, from 12іп. to ldin. high, one-leav:
x . Brazil, 1826. (В. M. 3910.) The variety superba is a magnificent one, with a rich crimson and beautifully-fringed lip.
C. Devoniana (Devon)* fl. upwards of bin. in diameter; sepals and petals white, tinged with рі wards the points ; lip deep 6in. ог8їп. long. A beautiful
С. Dowiana (Dow’s).* Л. v e; sepals and petals of a bright nankeen co AN lip моем" reading, beautifully frilled on the margin, and wholly - of an intense rich purple, shaded with violet rose, and _ beautifully streaked with lines of gold; s five or | six-flowered. Autumn. 16 produces 16 } bulbs, and leaves about lft. high. Costa Rica, 1866. _ This species is best grown in baskets, as near thelight ——— as possible; it also requires more heat than is usually __ allowed to Cattleyas. (B. M.5618.) S i . eldorado (El Dorado).* Л. large; sepals and petals — pale pink; lip of same colour ou! jish-c: pue towards the front, and stained with orange throat, serrated at the edges. August, Septem This rare and beautiful species has pseudo - bulbs, which support a single, large, deep green leaf. Cen- на Amoria, МЫ The variety і : superior; sepals clear rose, broader and serrated at the АН Box rich deep orange, succeeded by a which is again followed by rich violet-pt to the front and round the ^ і Negro, ] exoniensis (Exeter)* f., | гоѕу-Шае ; lip very large, of an intense urple, with a white i
finely serrated,
suffused rich golden
did hybrid between C. Mossie an
(Е. М. 269.) : ылмы. ; C. gigas t).* =e e and pe Р
rose; lip ый, тіс) deep purple or crimson-
violet in front, = E^ two орсо па уой
yellow blotches а! ; Scape f
flowered, April and May. Tropical America, 1
(G. C. n. s. 17, p. 45.) TUE Toe Sanderiana (Sanders) A very handsome Es remarkable for the large spread rich amethyst, grained with white. 18835.
$
C. granulosa (granulated-lipped).* Л. olive-coloured, rich brown spots, large; lips whitish, spotted with crimson. August, September. Guatemala, 1841. (B. R. 28, 1.) - i заро н Lx ha few crimson lines. Guatemala, a
5 and orange, eel Distinct and pretty
comas
282 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Cattleya—continued.
erect, five to ten-flowered,
d darker flowers. 1828. (Harrison's)* fi. of a beautiful rose With. yellow. "July to Octo
Sra мири at Г:
Several y of hich are the following :
е; sepals and ‘petals of
Fig. 385. CATTLEYA CITRINA.
spotted)* fl., sepals and 1 ow and dotted with crimson; lip white, stained with
e and broad; and May. e ieg
Ben us
M. Selbornensis | flowers ; hl de y coloured ; p and sepals of a be urp
e g n, borne
ies may be said to rank among the most m ds in cultivation. The varieties are extremely m and, in many instances, very distinct. Mr. Williams desc! nearly thirty; but the major number of these are very rare perhaps not a few unique. The following selection comprises principal ones : . i ds urantiaea (orange)* А very handsome variety, те ? кене deep orange hue of the centre of the lab enezue. га i ; C. M. aurea (golden). Л. small; sepals and petals blush, spreadi teas aa ам other forms ; Hip small, strongly mar with buff. at the base, extending: orward at the front and ha: ова
colour, with a little
е; йр of the same Colon, botched most
y to July, A.1ft. Brazil
tinged with blush pen extreme edge. a.
* Л. iatge, біп. or Tin. in diameter, three flowered),* large; 5 i bes 0 a adi few bro
а deep rose colonr, the
Cattleya—continued.
C. 1. pallida (pale) JL, sepals and petals light pink ; lip crimson, beautifully fringed. August, J, upright, of a lighter green than the type. Brazil. 1
C. 1. Pescatorei (Pescatore's)* fl., sepals and petals light rose-colour; lip rich crimson, A very beautiful T with light green foliage and free-blooming:
abit. j
C. 1, picta (painted)* Л. large, e handsome when well expanded, and often measuring "in. across ; sepals and pos pure white; р of the richest crimson, and beautifully fringed. une, July. A. 1ft. The- Pte are but sparingly produced, and are often de-
ormed.
C. Lemoniana (Lemon's. Л. pale pink, with yellow. in the centre of the lip. ‘Summer. Z light ееп, | A. E Brazil, 1842. Very close to C. Mossie. (B. В.
,
C. lobata (lobed). Л. deep rich rose. Мау, June, Brazil, 1847.. A charming species, much like C. crispa in growth, but shorter, both in bulb and leaf. It is rarely seen, on account of its very shy-flowering pro- pensities. (С. C. 1848, 403.)
C. Loddigesii egre amd Л. three or four on a spi sepals and petals pale rose colour, tinged with lip light rose, marked with yellow. August, September, Һ. ift. Brazil, 1815. (L. B. С. 37.)
С. marginata (margined)* Л, large, delicately per- fumed, usually solitary ; жй and petals rosy-crim- son; lip deep rose, margined with white. Septe and October. Pseudo-bulbs slender, seltom—e біп. in height, and bearing upon the apex a sing oblong light green leaf. razil, 1843, А rather and slow-growing species, of which there are m beautiful varieties. It grows best when suspe
from the roof of the house, on a block of
Pa a little sphagnum. (Р. M. B.
C. maxima (large).* (fl. rose-col throughout, of à pale hue when they expand, which gradually becomes de lip very large, almost white, beaut ornamented with dark purplish-crim veins, and streaked in the centre orange colour; "spikes many -fio Winter. Its main peculiarities co: its long-channelled Lee md o very convex, waxy petals. ‘Columbia, 1844, M. 4902.) There several varieties of this species.
C. MeMorlandii (McMorland's) Л. a 6in. in diameter; sepals and petals tiful ns rose; lip yellow and f June, July. l. dark green. л. lft.
C. Mendelli (Mendell’s).* JL, se
pe varying from white to а light
of а rich magenta colour, 4 America. А very fine species, of
в (Selborne’s). А plendid variety, with
violet-rose lines in the centre, s е а which is almost white inwards,
4
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA
Cattleya continued.
of violet-Crose, very much stained with orange at the base, and towards the upper part of the margin.
C. M. grandiflora (large-flowered).* jf. large; sepals and petals blush, the latter less frilled than in some forms ; [j^ of a deep rich purple-rose, slightly stained at the base with orange, and having a narrow even edge of pale blush.
C. M. grandis (grand).* The largest of all the forms in respect to the t of its lip ; sepals and petals palo blush ; lip mottled violet- rose, with ап irregular blush-coloured edge ; the base stained with buff-orange. A splendid plant.
C. M. Laurenciana кше gt Л. large ; sepals and petals blush, the latter very broad, and considerably frilled ; lip large, rich deep violet-rose, slightly stained with orange in the interior, veined and mottled in front, with а narrowish and nearly even frill of blush.
с. М. majestion majestic)* Л. very fine; sepals and ре broad, the latter measuring upwards of 9in. from tip to tip, and of a dark rose colour ; E large and edis, having the edge beauti- fringed, ground colour dark rose, stained at is Jas with soft orange, and variously blotched and streaked in front with violet-purple. Pseudo- Wn Sin. high, bearing а broad single leaf about
n. long.
С. M. Marian (Marian's).* f small, but very distinct and chaste ; sepals and petals white ; lip with a bright yellow stain at the base, кчы? mottled with violet-rosein the centre, and broadly and evenly margined with white. А very rare and beautiful form.
C. M. splendens (splendid). Л. large; sepals and petals blush; lip rich full purple-rose, th orange base, the margins blush, and very müch
frilled. C. M. superba (superb)* ji, sepals and petals dark blush, the bus narrow and very sligh ly
frilled ; lip large, prominently stained with "- orange at the base, the front part brighter, an the centre veined and somewhat mottled with violet-rose, leaving a broadish, irregular, pale mar- gin.
C. M. Williamsii (Williams’s). /l. large ; sepals and petals blush white; lip finely mottled with rose, stained with orange at the base, and having a broad pale margin.
C. nobilior (nobler). /l. біп, across, of a lovel deep rose-pink colour ; lip conspicuously blotch with creamy-white om the front lobe. Z twin, ovate, thick, leathery. Pseudo-bulbs 4in. to біп. long, cylindrical. Brazil, 1883. A species allied to C. dolosa and C. Walkeriana. (G. C. n. s., xix. 728.)
(dwarf). crimson lip, often edge a АҺ. 6in. Brazil. A very pretty species. 3656.)
. rose coloured, with a with white. September. (B. M.
. quadricolor (ífour-coloured) fl., sepals and petals light rose ; lip of same colour, yellow on the upper part. May. New Grenada, 1065. Very rare and pretty. (B. M. .) C. quinquecolor (five-coloured). fl., sepals and — light olive-green, spotted viti brown and rk chocolate; lip white, with a yellow blotch, veined with rose. A very pretty hybrid. ; C. Regnellii (Regnell’s).* 7. large, дїп. to 4in. in diameter; sepals and petals td э) green, tinged with erg and more or less mms ae rosy- рир ; vir: spreading; ground colour ame- yst, tinged with rosy-purple, this is set off by a neat m al border of white, whilst the throat th yellow ; scape erect, three to five- flowered. July, and again in September. 1, twin, sometimes tern, thick, fleshy, dark green. Pseudo- bulbs usually about 4in. or біп, Brazil.
(W. S. О. ser. ii., 22.) :
C. Schilleriana (Schiller's. A charming species, very like C. Aclandiw, but with darker and rounder foliage; the flowers аге also darker. Brazil, 1857. (Е. d. S. 2286.)
C. (Seden’s).* jl. large; sepals and petals light rose, shaded with green; lip with a white fimbriated margin, centre purple, with darker veins. A very handsome hybrid.
C. Skinneri (Skinner’s).* /. rosy-purple, very slightly tinged with Purple ; Base of lip will the ec ME = os than "^ e Ад ies. Apriland May. l. twin, fleshy, light green. Pseudo- bulbs 12in. to 18in, high. Guatemala, 1836, An old, but still eminently useful, species. (B. M. 4270.) C. speciosissima (showiest).* А large, often 8їп, in diameter ; рын and, petals broad, soft flesh-colour, the latter broadest, erose os te lip forms a circle, through closing over the column, the portion being of an intense amethyst colour, varied with white and yellow markings towards the centre, where
Cattleya—continued.
are also several lines of bright amethyst; spike rather short, three or four-flowered. J. ovate, shining. Pseudo-bulbs oblong, deeply channelled. Venezuela, 1868.
C. superba (superb), /. deep rose, with a rich crimson lip ; spikes three or four-flowered. June, A. 10іп. Guiana, 1838. A very handsome but slow-growing species. The variety splendens has much larger flowers, and the lip is white at the base, rosy-violet aa and with several lines of golden yellow towards the middle.
C. Trianz (Triana’s).* fl. several inches in diameter ; sepals and petals MUN blush; lip blush, or pale rose outside; throat orange or yellow, front rich Pee more or less intense; scape many- flowered. Winter. Cordilleras of Quindiu, 1856. This is an
extremely Meg: species, and consequently varieties are nu- ig. T
merous. See
if
Mf
Fic. 386. CATTLEYA TRIANÆ.
C. T, Atalanta white, shaded with rose; S eme A than the sepals; lip about
etals broader an i Sin. long, pale rose, with a broad band of orange in the iroat. т aS C. T. Colemanii (Coleman's)* Л. Bin. across; sepals and tipped with rose s throat elegantly striped with various ot ren yellow ; lip deep rose, well fimbriated. 1875. C. T. Dodgsonii (Dodgson's) Л. white, Ain. to 9in. in diameter; lip deep crimson ; throat orange-yellow.
C. T. Hili (Hil's)* Л. pure white, large, very distinct; lip rich —
magenta ; throat yellowish, Lus "c
large those о variety i; sepals . ux к= tals finely Ei zw at the mar- purple, shaded with violet; an “and marginal band of rosy purple; edges finely
284
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Р)
Cattleya—continued.
C. T. Russelliana (Russell’s), ., sepals 3}in. long, more than lin. broad ; petals white, tinged with rose, upwards of 2in. broad, waved at the edges, and recurved ; lip 3in. long, basal rose, but rich deep rosy-purple in front, shaded with violet; the centre of the lip and throat bright orange, and the edge finely curled.
C. T. velutina (velvety).* fl. very fragrant; serals and petals pale orange, spotted and streaked with purple ; lip orange at the base, white, with violet veins in front, where the surface is velvety. Brazil, 1870. This pretty form resembles C. bicolor in growth.
C. tricolor (three-coloured). fl., sepals and petals creamy-white ; lip same colour, with a yellow throat and a band of carmine near the margin. 1885. A very distinct species, having flowers about the size of C. Skinneri.
C. tuberosa (tuberose) Synonymous with C. Walkeriana.
C. Wageneri (Wageneri’s).* /í. snow-white, excepting a stain of rich yellow in the centre of the lip, the margin of which, as of the petals, is beautifully divided. June. Caraccas, 1851. In habit, this species is like a rather slender form of QC. Mossic. (В. X. O. 514)
С. Walkeriana (Walker’s).* fl. rose-coloured, біп. across, very sweet-scented ; lip richer rose, with a slight tinge of yellow; scape usually two-flowered. A. 4in. Brazil, 1844. An elegant dwarf ies, best grown on a block of wood suspended from the roof, allowing it еч of light, but not too much sun. Syn. C. tuberosa. (P. F. G. 3.) -
C. Warneri (Warner's)* fl. about біп. across ; sepals and petals broad, deep rose colour; lip large, with its middle lobe much expanded, of deep rich crimson, ornamented in front with an elegant marginal е; scape many-flowered. Brazil, 1862. A robust and fine species, much resembling C. labiata in habit. (W. 8. 0. 8.) :
C. W. delicata (delicate) 7. white, біп. across; lip lar e, with a mio pev centre КЫР tinge of rose, white 4 the outside,
C. W. d. superba
superb)* is a splendid form, wit and finely expande аш = with very large
lip, and broad pure white sepals and petals. C. W. sudburyensis (Sudbury). A splendid variety, with an unusually large lip of rich ameti st-purple, edged wit a frilli of white, and also white in the гое "аз ро т
С. Warscewiczii (Warscewiez's)* fi, large; sepals and - ish-white; lip rich crimson. Wi 7 gree ew Grenada, С жа О. 1, 51.) Кан € CAUDATE. Tailed; having a process like a tail.
CAUDEX. Тһе axisof the plant. Generall i to the trank or stem of palms lis ferns. T poe » CAUDICLE. The cartilaci Strap which cett deo тШ | M CAULESCENT. Acquiri stem; havi i MAUI m. oA m; having a kind . CAULIFLOWER. A garden variety of Brassica d oleracea, in which the inflorescence, while young, is con- En into a depressed, fleshy, edible head. This differs from Broccoli in being mate tender, of finer flavour, and in Use more as a summer and autumn vegetable. When at its best, а Cauliflower should have a close head (see Fig. 387), and be free from caterpillars. To attain these points, rich and frequent hand-picking—should caterpillars put in
tals 16.
‘ultivation. . Cauliflowers : Springtown and 4
Spring and early summer, when they are sure to б
. It is no autumn supplies,
3
light, and remove the latter on all favourable
/ CAULINE. Of, or belonging to, the stem. -
Cauliflower—continued.
will require a distance of 2ft. each way, and they shou be kept watered, if possible, in dry weather. The earli batches should be planted where there is shelter, such as single lines between Asparagus beds, or between rows of early Peas, if the latter are wide enough apart toa plenty of light. 3 To obtain plants to stand the winter, sow in August, early in September, and, as soon as they are large enougl
Fic. 387, CAULIFLOWER.
prick out about 4in. apart, in cold frames, keeping about 6in. from the glass. Allow the plants all possible, but not too much rain, or they will become si and not able to stand the cold of winter. At the app! of frost, put on the sashes, and, in severe weather, а coverings of dry litter, fern, or some other non-cono material. Hand lights, protected in а sil
may also be used to preserve the plants throug winter.. Give plenty of air at all times when is no frost; and on mild, dry days, throw off the altogether, the object being to make the plants as h possible. In March or April, transplant to a warm border, taking the state of the weather into conside It will still be necessary to protect with hand if possible, or by some other means. А good plan place at distances four plants within the area of
Keep the soil stirred around the plants, and, as. advances, plenty of water and an occasional dose of manure will be of great advantage. Should the crop in too rapidly, cut the heads so soon as they are and place them on the floor of a cool shed or cellar, w. they will keep for several days. Cauliflowers should b before the white heads are exposed to the sun and - they will quickly open and become partially green, t
juring the quality. Bs m этэч ы sorts are somewhat limited, but
monyms are numerous. The best for autumn во Barly Erfurt, Early London, and Walcheren. These also be sown in spring; other good varieties for 4 at this season are Large Asiatic, Lenormand's, — Mammouth, and Veitch's Autumn Giant. :
Poe
AN ENCYCLOPADIA
OF HORTICULTURE. 285
Caulophyllum—continued. in any ordinary light sandy soil. Propagated by divisions of the roots, made in early spring, or after flowering. C. thalictroides (Thalictrum-like) Л. yellow, disposed in a loose raceme. A i ks -— leaf exi petiole divided to the
base into three parts, rb bearing three ovate or obovate, deeply-cut, acuminated ap рањ 9. Dey deep mne globose,
contracted below into a е Р base. А. North America, 1755. CAVENDISHIA. See Proclesia.
CEANOTHUS (from keanothus, a name employed by Theophrastus to designate a spiny plant, derived from keo, to cleave; however, the modern genus has nothing to do with the plant of Theophrastus), ORD. Rhamnew. Hardy or half-hardy, smooth or pubescent shrubs. Flowers .. blue or white, very slender, disposed in terminal panicles К” ог іп thyrscid cymes. Leaves alternate, serrated, three- nerved. Branches erect. They thrive in almost any soil, but prefer a light one, and a well-drained situation. The majority of the species are very elegant, and are particu- larly suited for covering walls with almost all aspects. They are mostly of free and neat growth. Propagation is effected either by cuttings, which should be inserted in sandy soil, in a cold frame, in autumn, or by layers, which is the readiest way of obtaining strong plants. A great number of species have been introduced, from time to time, but only a comparative few are generally grown, although all are well worth cultivating.
C. americanus (American).* New Jersey Tea. fl. white, small ; ated, ашу, with a pubescent rachis. June, July.
1. ovate, acumina errated, and pubescent beneath. North
America, 1713. Body (B. M. 1479.)
- С. azureus (azure-blue).* Л. pale blue ; 1% rs smooth ; иен Мау.
ril and
elongated, axillary, with a down; val “4 E. hid. al eee, hoary
[^ ovate-oblong, D" ссн? serrated, and downy beneath. A.10ft. Mexico, 1818. Hardy places. Syns. C. d С. coeruleus (L. B. C. 110). (B. R DI hee is а very v deer P this species, GLOIRE DE VERSAILLES, hich ie. is most :
C. bicolor (two-coloured). A synonym of C. azureus.
__С. eceruleus (blue) A synonym of C. azureus.
. €. micro
. ©. papillosus (pimpled).
€. clusters. 1,
C. collinus (hill). /. white, numerous. June, July. l ovate or elliptic, somewhat clammy. A. h. 1ft. North America, 1827.
Hardy. C. cuneatus (wedge-shaped).* Л. pale blue, sometimes white, disposed in corymbose terminal h . 1. cuneate-obovate,
^or oblong, usually entire. h. aft. pper California. SYN. i verrucosus. Half-hardy. (B. M. 4660.) : dentatus (toothed).* blue, in small roundish clusters, on naked peduncles.about T long. May and June.’ i. fascicled, obovate or oblong-elliptic, acute, the margins strongly undulate or revolute, A. 4ft. to Oft. California, 1848. An erect, and usually
. mearly glabrous shrub. Hardy. SYN. С. Lobbianus. (B. M. 48103
С. divaricatus ( ) Л. nearly white, or very pale blue, usually in nearly simple elongated racemes. June, July. l. oblong, ог gee > ovate, rounded at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex,
sides smooth. Branches ge and straggling. h. 3ft. to 4ft. California and Oregon, 1848. Hardy.
1. small,
€. e p e s (man miel in ором Er co" brilliant mazarine
peg" serrulate, кь shining. California. Hardy. (B. M. 4806)"
с. барыай)" usually white, arranged in large n panicles, t gr cem s ars branches, or axillary upon shorter exa 1. ovate, or ovate-oblong, entire or te. Branches slender,
quite glabrous. A. to 6ft. California, 1846. Half-hardy. C. Lobbianus (Lobb's) A synonym of C. dentatus. phyllus (small-leaved), white; corymbs stalked, loose, terminal. May, June. Z. ob! ong, obtuse, entire, minute, sub-fascicled, smooth. Branches arag t, somewhat decumbent.
À. 2ft. North America, 1806. . blue, in dense cl clusters, on short . racemes, terminating slen er, naked peduncles. June. J. nar- a. oblong, blunt at both — glandular-serrulate, and the surface is also glandular. Л. 2ft. to 3ft. California, 1848. f-hardy. (B. M. 4815.) ©, rigidus id). * rich purple-blue, in long terminal spikes broadly Jat, Parc often gen m B B. M DAS toothed. Bi to 6ft. California, 1848. Half-ha (Veitch’s).* x na. ie, disposed in dense small, oblong-obovate, or oval, glandular-ser- rulate. California. Hardy. (B. M. 5127) c. verrucosus (warted). Synonymous with C. cuneatus,
жы.
CECROPIA (a classical name commemorating Cecraps, the first founder of Athens, which was primarily known as Cecropia). Snake Wood. Овр. Urticacee. Ornamental stove evergreen, soft-wooded, milky trees. They require a mixture of peat and loam, in a rough state, with the addition of a little sand. Propagated by cuttings, made of ripened shoots, in April, and inserted in sandy peat, with a bell glass over them, in a moist bottom heat.
C. peltata (peltate-leaved) jl, male: receptacles numerous, shortly stipitate, in cylindrical spikes ; calyx a turbinate, four- cornered scale. Female : receptacles less numerous and thinner than the male ones, sessile. l. large, peltate, seven to nine-lobed, hispid and rough above, white and downy beneath ; lobes oblong, bluntish. А. 30ft. Jamaica, 1778. The ruits—four, five, or more
—rise from the very top of a common peduncle, and shoot into so
many rena: cylindrical berries, composed of a row of little acini,
something like the Raspberry, which they also resemble in flavour.
CEDAR, BARBADOS OR BERMUDAS. A common name for Juniperus bermudiana (which see).
CEDAR OF LEBANON. See Cedrus Libani.
CEDRELA (a diminutive from Cedrus, the Cedar; the wood having an aromatic scent like that of the Cedar-tree). Bastard Cedar. ORD. Meliacem. A genus of about a dozen - species of large stove or greenhouse trees. Flowers whitish, small, in axillary and terminal panicles. Leaves abruptly pinnate, many-paired. They thrive well in rich loam. Large ripened cuttings will strike root in sand, under me hand gláss, in heat. - ;
C. odorata pom i aig Л. whitish, flesh-coloured, resem-
Wee l, leaflets ovate- lanceolate,
‹ as ‘Size of a punai
1 . Stove. The bark, v
Е of some'of the kinds smell like Assa-foetida, ae resh
C Hard : i Kx ас ee hina. y. SYN; Ailantus flavescens.
C. Toona (Toona). white small, ; һопеу. К е Muy а x рака smelling nar fresh
te, nu» pale glaucous beneath, dite eie dud, MR
C. velutina (velvety). Л. whitish. Z, leaflets оте И, ; entire, smootl : down. A. 50ft.' Indias 1738" mee" чир ro — 5E CEDRELEZ. Formerly regarded as a distinct order
now included as a tribe of the natural order Meliacez..
Flowers in panicles; petals four or five. Fruit a сг E e
opening by valves, which separate | from а thick axis. goes
Leaves alternate, pinnate, exstipu е. са E
known is Cedrela ; others are Chloroxylor
CEDRONELLA (probably a diminutive of kedros, the Cedar; from the sweet odour of C. triphylla). ORD. х, Labiatec. "Half-hardy or hardy herbaceous Whorls approximate into terminal spikes or racemes. bract-formed ; bracts small, setaceous; corolla serted tube, naked inside, a dilated throat, limb. They thrive in a compost of sandy loa and a little peat. The herbaceous species by division of the root, or Бу. fece of triphylla by cuttings.
C. cana (hoary). ЛД. sho urpl ен же July. vate- + h. 2ft. to 3ft. New Мело, 1591. A vety moat eril, hardy, evergreen species. (В. M. 4618.) _ PR ae
C. cordata (heart-shaped) Л. light pu le, 3 braceatespikes; — corolla twice as long as the may Gentile; o б
1. ovate, cordate at the base, ren amm trailing. А. 4in. to 6in. Northern United States, 1880. Hardy. um cordatum. _
Syn. Dra A corolla purplish, three times as long ^
C. mexicana (Mexican). approximating into a teret as the calyx; whorls many-flowered, рр fate
interrupted spike or raceme. l. ovate- Y att
base, toothed, A. 2ft. to sft. мН Ламу. Mexico, 1852, SYN.
Gardoquia betonicoides. (В. M. 3860.) е * Balm of Gilead. | whit or pale :
с. супа (three-leaved). urple, about Ku. long as the GS who into terete ob! “J - July. ddr ries
а coniferous ti treo с the time of Homer)
286
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Cedrus—continued.
Conifere. Majestic evergreen trees, with large spreading branches, rigid, scattered and clustered leaves and erect oblong or oval cones rounded at the top; scales of the cones broad, thin, coriaceous, entire, closely appressed, at length deciduous. It is commonly supposed that a rich soil is needed for the Cedar, but this is only correct in a certain degree; a rich loam or sandy clay being, perhaps, the best. Ап open sub-soil is the most indis- pensable condition, as will be proved from their healthy state in natural mountainous regions. The Cedar does not like pruning, either in root or branch, and if the top is removed, the tree assumes the form of an enormous bush, of picturesque and grand proportions. Growing in its natural state, it takes a broad, conical form, till it reaches its full
height, when the lateral branches begin to extend outwards and the top then assumes a broad, flat surface. Cones seldom make their appearance on the Cedar of Lebanon before it attains forty years of age, and it has been known not to produce them before the tree was 100: years old. The catkins appear in di. and -" cones require two years to arrive
- The seeds are difficult io extraet from the cones, which do not drop from the tree, but will hang for many years; nor does the influence of the sun cause them to shed the seeds. The cones have, therefore, to be gathered by April, and the seed immediately sown in pans. The seed- i lings must be planted out in the open
[^ e out а great distance, if not transplanted, |
FIG. 388. CEDAR OF LEBANON AND OTHER TREES FOR DRY SITUATIONS.
2 žá
Fic. 389. BRANCHLET, SHOWING LEAVES AND CONE OF CEDRUS LIBANI.
Cedrus—continued.
n
and thus lose the advantage which is derived from a bushy
root. It is of somewhat slow growth, but is often slower than is necessary, from defective management and an unsuit- able situation. Several authorities are agreed in regarding the three species as mere varieties of one. In any сазе, from a garden standpoint, they possess quite sufficient characteristics to justify separate specific descriptions, 7 C. atlantica (Atlantic)* Very closely allied to C. Libani, bub
mainly differing in the foliage, which, in the present species, is
shorter, usually less than lin. long, and of a glaucous green oF
silvery hue. It is also of more erect pyramidal habit than the сы of Lebanon. л. 80ft. to 120ft. Atlas Mountains of Algeria,
C. Deodara.* Deodar or Indian Cedar. 1. fascicled, acute, tri: quetrous, rigid, larger than those of С, Líbani, and of a bluish
but dark green, covered with a light glaucous bloom. Onè of the most beautiful members of Conifers, and having a elongated pyramidal or conical outline. Leading shoot ane branchlets pendulous. 4A. 150ft. to 200ft. Western Himalaya
1822. The best-known varieties are the following: C. D. ro (sturdy) has coarser and larger leaves and thicker branches
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HORTICULTURE.
287
Cedrus—continued. . C. D. viridis (green) or tenuifolia (thin-leaved) is of slender habit, with bright green foliage. Other forms mentioned in nursery. —€— catalogues are: argentea, albo-spica, erecta, and verticillata glauca. C. Libani.* Cedar of Lebanon. J. tufted, short, rigid, dark een. Cones oblong, oval, pedunculate, purplish, but ultimately brown, Sin. to 4in. long; scales with a somewhat membranous margin. Branches horizontal, rigid, tubuliform, disposed in distinct whorls; branchlets fiat, fan-like, very numerous and thickly set. A. 60%. to 80ft. Lebanon and Taurus in рүнө, 1683. This magni riarch of the Tribe."
C. L. brevifolia (short-leaved). The Cypress Cedar. This dis- tinct variety на (в principally from the type in its much shorter leaves. | CELANDINE. See Chelidonium. CELASTRINEZE. An order of shrubs or small trees. Flowers in axillary cymes, small, green, white, or purple; sepals and petals four to five, imbricate. Fruit two to five- celled, capsular or drupaceous. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple, stipulate. Well-known genera are: Celastrus, Eleodendron, and Euonymus.
CELASTRUS (from Kelastros, the old Greek name given by Theophrastus to the Privet). Staff-tree. ORD. Celastrinem. Ornamental, hardy, greenhouse or stove, mostly evergreen shrubs. Flowers green or white, small, disposed in terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves alternate, entire, or serrated with minute prickles. The stove and Greenhouse species thrive well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand; and ripened cuttings will root freely in the same sort-of compost if a hand glass is placed over them; those requiring stove temperature, should be placed in heat. The hardy species are well adapted for small shrubberies ; they thrive in any common soil, and are easily increased by layering the young shoots in autumn. C. scandens is an excellent plant for covering bowers or trellis-work.
C. cassinoides (Cassine-like), Л. white; pedicels two or three together, axillary, very short. August. l. ovate, acute at both ends, serrated, anent. Plant erect, smooth. л. 4ft. Canary Islands, 1779. Greenhouse.
C. edulis (edible). Synonymous with Catha edulis.
C. lucidus (shining).* Л. white; pedicels axillary, crowded, very short. April to September. jr. three-valved, naked. J. oval or roundish, shining, marginated. h. lft. to 3ft. Cape of Good
. Hope, 1722. Plant erect, smooth, evergreen. Greenhouse. SYN. Cassine concava.
C. scandens (climbing).* fl: pale yellow; racemes terminal. May, June. l. oval, acuminated, serrated, 3in. long, 2in. broad. Berries orange-coloured, three-cornered, three-seeded. North America, 1736. Plant hardy, deciduous, smooth, climbing. CELERIAC, or TURNIP-ROOTED CELERY
(Apiwm graveolens rapacewm). Biennial. A Turnip-rooted
variety of the garden Celery. It is very useful for soups
and similar purposes, is easy of cultivation, and tolerably certain as to producing a crop. The seed may be sown in the same way, and at the same time, as the ordinary Celery.
Cultivation. As soon as the seedlings are large enough, prick them off, about 3in. apart, in boxes or on a spent hotbed, and keep them there until they are of a good size, when they should be planted out about 1ft. apart in the open ground, They should have air to prevent them “drawing,” and be gradually hardened off before planting. The soil can scarcely be too rich, and must be given plenty of water during. the summer. Unlike the ordinary Celery, this variety (see Fig. 390) does not require trenches, as the tops are seldom used. All lateral shoots and side roots should be removed from the tubers during the summer, if good large specimens are desired. Occasional hoeings and plenty of water will be the most that is necessary in after cultivation. The roots will be ready for use in autumn, and may be stored in a shed, or lifted from the ground when required for use. A little protection will be necessary if the latter plan is adopted. This crop materially helps the ordinary Celery, both for flavouring purposes and for separate dishes.
Fic. 390. CELERIAC, or TURNIP-ROOTED CELERY. CELERY (Apium graveolens). Hardy biennial, а native of Britain.” Found in a wild state growing in wet ditches and marshy situations. This important
Fig, 391. CELERY.
and pular vegetable (see Fig. 391) requires, and wel pose e special attention in its cultivation. One of the most-open and best positions in the garden should be selected for this crop, and the best farmyard manure that can be obtained should be dug into the
288 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Celery—continued. trenches before planting. Another condition absolutely necessary is a plentiful supply of water throughout the growing period, withholding it as soon as the earthing up is completed. If this is neglected, the plants are more liable to “ bolt,” or prematurely run to seed. Medium-sized heads are generally much more solid than very large ones; consequently, they should be preferred, the latter being often hollow-stalked and useless for any purpose. Celery, when sent to table, should be quite solid and crisp, well blanched, and of a sweet, nutty flavour. A great deal depends on the earthing up and cultivation as well as the variety grown. The soil is best to be rather light, and, if possible, free from large lumps, as it can then - be worked much easier round the stems without displacing
them, and will at the same time exclude light better, and 80 hasten the blanching. .
Cultivation. At the beginning of March, sow a small quantity of seed for an early supply, and at the end of April, make the main sowings, placing the seed thinly in boxes of light soil. Water carefully, and place the boxes on a mild hotbed, or in a vinery or other warm glass house. The seeds take a rather long time to germinate. A little air must be admitted so soon as the seedlings are up, to keep them dwarf, and water must be carefully applied. So soon as the planta are large enough to handle, prick out, about 4in. apart, in other boxes, or into a frame where there
is a little dung heat. Keep well watered, and gradually |
harden off before planting ont. The early batch should b. I ур end of May, and the main erop in June, сае ing all їп prepared trenches, si i yb а. рз E e supposing this system There are various ways of growing Cel i vario Ё growi ery, some planting in trenches, in single or double lines, and others growing
it in beds. The single líne in tren allows the plants plenty of light, and it i sier and , еч foo Брз easier and better to earth
the soil in the intervening spaces, which may be utilised
for some other vegetable that does not require &e. The crop from these would be cl off before the
the trenches, place a thick layer of tt the bottom of
lightly dig it in Apply a heavy drenchi ing a day or two afterwards put in the ii bowel. ‘asunder, along the centres of the trenches again we
^ D
With a trowel. The
. eartiont crops, which will have : c Remove all lateral shoots from the base, and earth _ the middle 1
watering in. Be careful that each plant has , good. bal of earth adhering to the roots when taken up, A Vani
а couple of 9in. | ash , to keep out |
Celery—continued.
frozen parts will often be quite useless.
For the Turnip-rooted Celery, see Celeriac.
part of the leaves, and burn them, or dk
they are detected,
maintained. As goon as they should have plenty of light,
and more air
CELERY LEAF-MINER. Ses Celery Fly.
quite be
to about 70deg. stagnant, atmosphere the seeds germinate
care must be taken that the soil IM e) M
Water must —
3
admitted.
rain and snow water. Should Celery be taken up when frozen, a condition that should be avoided if possible, it must be submerged in very cold water, to thaw it; but the -
Sorts. These are somewhat numerous, but many are coarse and deficient in flavour. Sandringham White is one of the best varieties for early work, but the red Celeries are generally considered superior, so soon as they — сап be obtained. Major Clarke’s Solid Red and Williams’ ` Matchless Red are two of the best for main crop, and to | stand the winter. Other good varieties are Manchester Red, a strong growing and good variety to stand the winter; Sulham Prize Pink, and Leicester Red. The best white varieties, in addition to Sandringham, are Veitch’s Solid White, Williams’ Matchless White, and Grove White.
CELERY FLY (Tephritis onopordinis). Celery Leaf- miner, Of late years, the larve of this destructive insect have proved a great drawback to the culture of Celery. They sometimes appear when the plants are quite small, and eat out all the inner portion of the leaves as fast as they are produced, thereby preventing the plants from growing, and causing them to turn brown and often eventually to die away. Syringing the plants with tobacco water, followed by clean water, is said to destroy them; but the best and only certain remedy is to carefully look over every plant so soon as the small larve are detected, pinch off the affected “the imsécts between the finger and thumb. If this method be followed from the first, at the same time keeping the ‘plants grow: ing as much as possible by applying plenty of water, the insects will not be able to cause so much injury. They attack the Celery for three or four months in some seasons, and their destruction should be taken in hand immediately
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA OF HORTICULTURE.
289
Celosia—coniinued. large heads are required, another shift may be given before they are too large, and Тїп. pots should be used for this final potting. When these are filled with roots, liquid manure may be given about twice weekly. Moderately frm potting is necessary. The best soil to grow Celosias in is half.rich sandy loam, and half-rotten cow and stable manure mixed, with a good dash of silver sand. There are several excellent sorts, among which may be named Tom Thumb and Sutton's Prize Dwarf.
The other species differ from C. cristata in having large plumes of inflorescence, which form pyramidal masses of colour. Many sorts have a graceful pendent habit, which renders them objeets of great beauty, when well grown. This is easily accomplished if treated in the same way as recommended for the Cockscombs. Frequent syring- “ings are needed to keep down thrips and red spider.
Fig, 392, CELOSIA ARGENTEA, showing Entire Plant and Detached ‘ orescence.
C. argentea (silvery).* Ji. white; inflorescence dense, spicate. 1. — very shortly stalked or sessile. Tropical Asia. See Fig. 3
C. a. linearis (linear) only differs from the typical C. argentea in its narrower linear leaves. India, &c.
C. cernua (drooping). A synonym of C. cristata comosa.
Fig. 393. FLOWER OF CELOSIA CRISTATA.
Celosia— continued.
C. cristata (crested).* Common Cockscomb. oblong, compressed ; common peduncle striate nate; stipules faleate. Asia, 1570. See Fig. 393.
C. c, coccinea (scarlet) differs from the common Cockscomb in the crowded pyramidal arrangement of the inflorescence, narrower leaves, and short stamens, It will grow well in a lower tempera- ture than required for the type. (B. R. 1834.)
C. с. comosa (hairy) Л. scarlet or purplish; spikes arranged in а pyramidal drooping panicle. 1. stalked, ovate. h. ift. to 2ft India, &е., 1810. Syn. С. cernua. (A. B. R. 10, 635.)
Z dark тей; spike . l ovate, acumi-
FiG 394, CELOSIA CRISTATA VARIEGATA,
C. с. variegata (variegated) differs from C. cristata (the wild type, from which the Garden Cockscomb has been developed) only in its variegated leaves, See Fig. 394,
Fig. 395. CELOSIA HUTTONII, (Hutton's)* Л. red, in ovate spikes. l
C. Huttonii crimson or claret-coloured. №. 1ft. to 2ft. Java, 1871. A pee stove plant, of bushy, pyramidal habit. See Fig.
C. pyramidalis (pyramidal)* Л., colours various ; and instead of — P Ta
290
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Celosia—continued.
forming a crested mass, as in C. cristata, they assume a more normal form in elegant plants. A. lift. India, 1820. There are a great number of varieties of this species, all of which are very ornamental, and, in a small state, are suitable for table decoration.
CELSIA (named after Olaus Celsius, 1670-1756, professor in the university of Орға], author of “ Hiero- botanicon,” a work on biblical botany). ORD. Scrophu- larineew. Hardy or half-hardy herbs. Flowers disposed in loose, terminal racemes or spikes. Leaves crenate, sinuate, dentate, or pinnatifid. 'This genus differs from Verbascum merely in having four didynamous stamens. The seed may be sown in the open borders, in June, and thinned out for flowering, or raised in nursery beds and transplanted. C. Arcturus should be increased by cuttings, young wood striking freely in a cool house or frame.
C. Arcturus (Arcturus).* ellow, ~ i purple rid July to dE ари with ones oblong. h, 4ft. Candia, 1780. Half-hardy shrubby species, This is a pretty plant for pot culture in a cool house. (B. M. 1962.)
С, ъеѓопісгеѓоНа (Betony-leaved). jl. yellow, the two superior segments marked eac
h by a purple July. l. wrinkled, crenated. Plant bay. E att, erin 160 Half:
hardy biennial. (B. M. Л. yellowish, with curious brown
- qo ope markin, à ovate, crenate. h. - ман е nai Su! lft. South-east Europe,
y. SYN. lanthe bugulifi
C. cretica (Cretan)* /L yellow, marked with spots at the bottom on the upper side ; іп. innere. mmis sessile. June, l. hairy, lyrate-oblong ; upper ones oblong. h.
4ft. to 6ft. Crete, 1752. Hardy biennial. (ре М. 964.) orientalis (oriental). Л. yellow, shorter than the bracts.
June, July. 1. lower ones jagged ; cauline ones bipinnate ; seg-
ments narrow. À.2ft. Levant, 1713. Hardyannual. (S. F. G 605.)
CELTIS (name used by Pliny for the Lotus). Nettle-
3 ) м tree. Овр. Urticacem. А genus of rather large, hardy, deciduous trees or shrubs, with greenish fascicled or racemose flowers, small one-seeded drupaceous fruit, and strongly-nerved, simple, alternate leaves. They thrive in ordinary soil, and are very suitable for the back of a shrub- bery. Increased by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe; by layers; and by cuttings of ripened shoots, in autumn. The stove species are not worth growing.
australis (Southern . green lanceolate, oblong. И or aciminae, argue бея
е a^ the base; upper surface ; under one down h. 306. to 40ft. South Europe, 1796, wp. B. 105.) d
C. cordata (cordate). Synonymous with 0.
C. crassifolia (thick-leaved).* American Hackberry. green. ish; peduncle sl x May. fo leathery, opra auricled, and egaal at the base, 6in. long,
‚ Serrated, го! both surfaces. h. 20ft. to North America, 1812. SYM. Ce cordata. z ы,
C. Davidiana (Rev. Father David' L elliptie, narro мА ends, ртов ану er thick, EL glabrous deep glaucous-green above, een beneath. China, much-branched tree, with pen ulous twigs. -—
С. occidentalis (Western)* North American Ni greenish, small May. n reticulated, ovate taal “ equal at the base, serrate, rough on the п surface, hairy on
a under опе. A. 30ft. to 50ft. Canada, od (W. D. B. 147.)
о. (dwarf) А dwarf form, seldom i height, with nore membranous (at length) С елы. m Д m"
| (Tournefort's) fl. greenish. l, when ad It, сед Е var een - I roughish on the _ Дасо: E te
a E^ ita. Pappus short and bristly, rarely none ; involucre
i oblong; bracts imbricated, scarious, frin tms or spinous ; receptacle bristly ; florets all tale’ oy реч ones sometimes large and neuter. Of this genus,
nials) have been deseribed ;: compar.
1 sequent] four in a patch, where they are tj
Centaurea— continued.
remain and bloom. Тһе biennials may be sown in March, in a slight heat, and planted out in May. The herbaceous perennials require merely ordinary care and attention, and common garden soil, wherein to thrive well. С. ragu- sina and C. Cineraria are very extensively cultivated, and as failures are occasionally experienced in their propagation, the following plan, practised by a successful grower, is recommended: First, make the cuttings, about
; the beginning of September, take off the bottom leaves, and allow only about lin. of wood to remain. Insert them in 60-sized pots, in а compost of loam, leaf mould, and Sharp sand, in equal proportions; plunge in a cold frame, and keep | them close for about four weeks, E by which time they will be rooted. Great care must be taken in wa- tering. When they become pot- bound, shift into 48-sized pots, in which they may remain until bed- ding-out time. Seeds may also be easily procured and raised. They should be sown in August, in slight heat; and when the seed- lings are large enough to handle, they should be potted off singly |. into small thimble pots, in which F they may be-—kept throngh “the winter, in a cold frame or cool house, a shift being given in the spring. Much stronger plants are thus obtained than if the seed is sown in the early part of the year. -
C. al alpine)* fl.. ; ы melee aa MEN TUN
C. am
ericana (American
€ pup ss of involucre three ‘ mes as s their
Fig. 396. FLOWERING * ides
BRANCH ОЕ CEN-
TAUREA AMERICANA.
C.atropurpurea (dark purple).* f-heads dark purpl P inre eat ате serraje, tel JaneW Аздыр. È BE во, Hardy perennial - t. Eastern Europe, &c.
С. aurea | Р Диа врт ; florets equal, L hairy; lower ones pinnatifid. A. 2it. Hardy perennial. (B. M. 421.) :
den)* f.-heads golden-yellow; involucre simpl fi July to September. к South Europe, 1758. | babylonica (Babylonian). /L.Aeads small, numerously | produced close to, and ноа ети a | сото stalked, with a fina pia ones narrower, | which renders this speci Targo, е ны те ов | n gen xd ue 6ft. to 106, Levant, 1710. ^X Cineraria e cilia (Cineraria). Jl. purple; invol i ad and August, 1. do white, all compound ; lowest f natifid ; upper ones рало naio anisini a id ly, de. x
e- erbaceous perennial SYN. C. pee y
Blue-bottle, or Cornflow. heads, florets of the disk purple, e eer тау, hit blue, Т me ы eee wili
ss e; the lower ones often Sft. Britain. is one of the — It varies in all _
C. dealbata (whitened)* l.-hea oloured, smooth above and тей ee cared, neve pne ones stalked
olate lobes.
ё us. See Fig. 399. depressa (depressed) fl.-heads blue, with b: -red centre. Summer, Orient, 1818. ek This speciosus EE а.
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. - 291
Centaurea—continued.
but is a dwarfer grower, and has brighter-coloured flowers. Hardy herbaceous. (B. M. 3662.) C. stricta comes very near this, if indeed, anything more than a dwarf variety.
Fig. 397. CENTAUREA BABYLONICA.
С. Fenzlii (Fenzls)* Ј..Леайз canary-yellow, large, terminal; flower-stems erect, branching from the base. /. large, handsome, cordate-ovate, glaucous E radical A. 4ft. Armenia, 1868. Hardy biennial. (B. M. 6592.)
macrocephala (large-headed).* pem my yellow, larger than most others ; scales of involucre jagged. July. i. oblong-lanceolate, shortly decurrent, undivided, rough, somewhat serrated, ending ina short sharp point. Stem simple, hollow, and thickened under the flower. №. 3ft. Caucasus, 1805. Hardy perennial See Fig. 400. (В. M. 1248.)
montana (mountain).* /l.-heads blue, large, handsome ; florets deeply cut into four or five segments. Early summer, 1, lanceo-
ie, entire, decurrent, cottony. Stem usually simple, sometimes
Fie. 399. CENTAUREA DEALBATA. |
Centaurea—continued.
sparingly branched. h. 2%. Europe, 1596. Hardy perennial. (B. M. 77.) There are also white-flowered (alba) and rose-coloured (rosea) varieties, both of which are well worth growing.
FIG. 398. FLOWER AND BUD oF CENTAUREA CYANUS.
C. moschata (musky). Sweet Sultan JL -heads le ; involu roundish, smooth ; scales egg-sha "d. July. D Inaiedocth vi ^. 2ft. Persia, 1629. Faray uM. :
, FtG. 400. CENTAUREA MACROCEPHALA.
292 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Centaurea—continued.
C. pulchra (beautiful). /..heads bright purple, globose; outer scales of involucre drawn Es into an ovate, pectinately ciliated, scabrous appendage; middle bristle longer, stiffer and shining. August. l. sessile, glabrous, pinnate ; lobes linear, acute, entire or a little toothed. Stem branched, furrowed. h. lft. Cashmere, 1838. Half-hardy. (В. R. 26, 28.) -
ragusina (Ragusan).* /.-heads yellow; involucre ciliated, June, July. 1 downy with silvery hairs, pinnatifid; segments obtuse, egg-shaped, quite entire, outer ones largest. д, 2ft. Candia, 1710. Half-hardy perennial. (B. M. 494.)
C. ruthenica (Russian). /l.-heads pale yellow; involucre scales egg- Shaped, obtuse. July. f pinnate, smooth ; leaflets cartilaginous, sharply serrate ; terminal one oblong, egg-shaped. h. 3ft. Orient, 1806. Hardy perennial.
C. suaveolens (sweet-scented).* Yellow Sultan. Л.-Һеайз yellow, Sweet-scented ; involucre round, smooth. July. Z, lower ones broad, somewhat o Gm ae toothed ; row ones lyrate at base. ^. lift. Levant, 1683. Hardy annual. (S. B. Е. G. i. 51.)
C, uniflora (one-flowered). Л.-һеайв purple, roundish terminal, nearly sessile among the "p r leaves. Sae. 1, small, white and downy; lower ones o ong lanceolate, toothed ; upper ones теты УЫ entire. А. 9ín.tol5in. South Europe, 1824. Hardy perennial,
CENTAURY. See Erythrea Centaurium. CENTAURY, AMERICAN. А common name for
the species of the genus Sabbatia.
. CENTOTHECA (from kentein, to prick, and theke, a receptacle ; in allusion to the retrorse hairs of the upper florets). ORD. Graminem. А genus containing two or three species, distributed over tropical Africa and Asia, and the Pacific Islands. It is a somewhat near ally of Melica. A compost of well-drained loam and leaf soil 18 best. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring. ©. (bur-like), Bur, Inflorescence paniculate: spi pe : eei os erdt ge owered, green? pedicels hia f dry Indis. cx a к, =. NUN long, about jin. CENTRADENIA from kentron, a spur, and T a gland; referring to a spur-like gland on the anthers), Syn. Plagiophyllum; Orp. Melas- tomacee. Stove evergreens, Flowers pink or white ; Tacemes few-flowered, axillary. Leaves opposite, unequal, ovate or lanceolate, entire, membranons, three-nerved. They thrive in 4 compost of one part sandy loam, and two parts Tough peat. Cuttings of side shoots should be inserted in February. 0. I oe makes an elegan
ОЁ it last
Centranthus-— continued.
rockwork; and are readily increased by seeds, which, for show annuals, should be sown in March.
C, angustifolius (narrow-leaved), Л. red, }in. long; spur one- half shorter than the tube of the corolla. May to J uly. . linear- , lanceolate, quite entire. h. lft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1758. Hardy perennial. SYN. Valeriana angustifolia. (S. F. G. 29.)
C. Calcitrapa (Caltrops-like). fl. white, tinged with red, rather panicled. May to July. l, radical ones ovate, entire, or lyrate ; upper ones pinnatifid. A. біп. to lft. South Europe, 1683. Hardy annual. SYN. Valeriana Calcitrapa. (S. F. G. 30.)
macrosiphon (large-tubed).* fl. rosy-carmine, rather larger than those of C. ruber. July. 1. glaucous. k. 26. Spain. An annual, of compact habit. See Fig. 401, (P. F. G. 67.) Of this there is a white-flowered variety.
Й
the tube; cymes dense, forming a handsome corymbose panicle.
Summer. J. ovate or lanceolate ; upper ones unequal at the base,
toothed a little. A. 2ft. to 3ft. urope (Britain) Perennial.
There are several forms, including a white-flowered variety, of
species.
CENTRONIA (from kentron, a spur, in allusion to the spurred anthers), ORD. Melastomacem. A genus of highly ornamental shrubs, from Mexico, New Granada, Guiana, and Peru. There are nine species; in all probability, that described below is the only one now in cultivation. А compost of sandy peat and leaf mould suits them well. Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, inserted in peat and sand, under a bell glass,
tinged with violet to thoroughly agree with specific name; in
i
E C. ruber (red)* Red Valerian. Л. red; spur one-half shorter than
C. hzemantha (blood-coloured) fl. deep Bixplish-red, too much А wi
panicles, large. Z, shortly stalked, elliptic-obovate, five-nerved, / Ocafia, 1852.
reddish-brown beneath, deep green above. h. 8%.
Greenhouse. SYN. Calyptraria hemantha.
CENTROPOGON (from kentron, a spur, and pogon, a beard; in reference to the fringe which envelops the stigma). ORD. Campanulacem. Ornamental greenhouse or stove herbaceous perennials. The most popular member of this genus is a hybrid between C. fastuosus and Sipho- campylos betulæfolius, and known as C. Lucyanus. From its flowering naturally during the dead of the winter, itis a most desirable plant; and it is more particularly this to which the cultural remarks refer. The ready way this plant admits of increase is much in its favour, as amateurs will find no difficulty in propagating it. Any young shoots, about 3in. or 4in. long, form good cuttings, and, if taken off with a heel, root with more certainty, although others rarely fail if placed in sharp sandy soil, close around the - edge of the pot, and then kept close under a bell ‘glass
amount of drainage, and to add sufficient sand when potting | to keep the soil open and porous. During the early spring months, a cool stove is the best situation for them, but with the advent of summer a pit or frame is the most suitable.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 293
Centropogon—continued. Centrosolenia—continued.
: : . $ i i- .* © fl. straw-colour, very freely produced. 1. are the best, being a nice handy size. Owing to its semi C. папага — Л. s rape, of x beautifal dati olive-eréen procumbent habit, it is not only good for pot culture, but RA UI. uv utadaakien anita :
а з ronzy shade above, and of а vinous red beneath. East of likewise forms a capital basket plant for suspending, in Peru. SYN. Episcia tessellata. (I. Н. 607.) which position it shows off its beauties to great advantage. €, glabra (smooth). Je corolla very broad, tubular, dain. long; Wh 1 i it j 1 im їп, across; white, with a sulphur-coloure ube, une. n аген К this way, it e best intl Lx оор l. opposite, unequal, the larger one oblique obovate-oblong, ser- naturally over the sides; but in pots it requires support, rated, pilose on the ribs beneath, the smaller one lanceolate. which may be afforded it by using any small neat sticks, h. 1ft. La Guayra, 1846. (B. M. 4552.) touched over with pale green paint, so as to render them as C. picta (painted).* Jl., corolla nearly white, tubular, about 2in. inconspicuous as possible. long, hairy. June. Ў — ^ gag! ay yt. Жм, velvety C. cordifolius (heart-shaped-leaved). Л. cor i eese һ. 2%. Teas. Bde a ae nks of Amazon,
Guatemala, 1839. Stove species. (Е. d. S. 4,
CENTROSTEMMA. Se Cyrtoceras and Themis- toclesia.
CEPHAELIS (from kephale, a head; in reference to the arrangement of the flowers) ORD. Rubiacec. Stove shrubs, rarely perennial herbs, mostly natives of tropical America, a few African, and two or three from Asia and Oceania. Heads of flowers terminal or axillary, sessile or pedunculate, subtended by an involucre of from two to eight bracts, which are disposed in a cruciately opposite manner; corolla funnel-shaped. Leaves ovate, acute, pe- tiolate ; stipules free or combined. They thrive in a com- post of sandy, fibry peat, leaf soil, and lumpy loam, with - thorough drainage. Cuttings of firm young shoots will root in sandy soil, under a hand glass, in moist stove heat.
C. Ipecacuanha pecaeuanha)* f. white, downy outside; heads
ica an ee ko lag А
1 . l. oblong-o above,
with fine down beneath. Stems ascending at. first, but at le h
Stove hetbeceota Ano ee е арах. ана
ег us,
for medicinal purposes, (B. M. 4063) " ү
Чо * Л. brownish ; heads :
Lue 5. ^ wore sean wo broad, oui —
тв, petioles, peduncles, leaves, and involucre, .
4ft. Tropical America, 1882. Stove shrub. (B. M. A а
Many other ies п h i i cultivation or отра н esa кетта — —
RA (from kephale, a head, and anthera, an anther), ORD. Orchidec. Very interesting and curious terrestrial orchids. Calyx of three ovate, aeute, converging, permanent sepals; petals ovate, erect, as long the calyx; lip Searcely spurred, saccate at the base, con- tracted in the middle, undivided and recurvate at the end. They thrive well in a chalky loam, and may be propagated by divisions. The following are our three native species: C. ensifolia (sword-leaved), Л, pure white: sepals мм
пагтотег and more Pointed than ih ni Bini, o a une.
, а,
late. Stems lft. to 2ft., sub-solitary, slender. . Closely С. fastuosus (prickly).* Jl, rose. November. Z. broadly lanceolate, 103 to C. grandifora, but with мары айкан а leaves. ‘Gy. En. B.
crenately serrated. ` h. 2it. Greenhouse species. See Fig. 402. ©. grandiflora (larse-fi Ре x EN. C. Lucyanus (M. Luey's)* Л. pretty rosy carmine, tubular, sepals and petals ovate ЫЫ. da NM PN M ne em species. ‘This most desirable garden | бш quem, erect, yellow. May and June, b ovate E? hybrid was raised by M. Desponds, of Marseilles, in 1856. (R. Н. England. (or i es narrower, Stems tufted, 1%.
n. B. 1485.) : ; | ©. Amensis (Surinam). И. rose. November. A 2 | © sume, (red) Л. rose-purple, few or many ; sepals and petals Бапаш, 1795 Stove species, ФМ, 149.) and July. E Sen de. te DNA. EM, nemi "NIA. (from kentron, a sharp point, and England. (Sy. En, B. 1483.) D ce solen, a tube; referring to the form of the corolla) Овр. (from kephale, в head, and anthos,
ed as а mere section of | a flower; the flowers are disposed in globular heads)
i в perennials. Corolla | Button-wood, Овр. Rubiacem. An ornamental hardy
tubular, spurred behind at base; throat widened; limb | deciduous shrub, growing in common garden soil pe
short, five-lobed, spreading ; calyx five-parted, serrated ; preferring moist sandy peat. The most suitable place
peduncles solitary, axillary, sometimes bearing many | for it is the American garden. Propagated best by layers.
тетя таа раси petiolate. "They thrive in | in the early autumn, | f * sol composed of equal parts _ peat, leaf mould, and C. occidentalis adn j ncles
sand. Good drainage is essential and scarcely any water longer ino the Аы d Yr mg ix E the
в ‹ 1 j 1 Í ea suall t » ab the tops of к needed in winter, Cuttings will root in sand, in a warm branches. July. 1 opposite, OF three in a whorl, ovate or oral, frame, with a bell glass covering. н acuminated. А. 76. North America, 1735. (T. S. M. 394.) ©. (bracteate) fl. a ; A ( Керһ ; . aggregate, braeteate; corolla : i ym phale, a head; the flowers ША amc ide tq Ыры rM: ера бермети mni мө Orb. ipsa A yo ; e corolla, red- i i т та white below ; uncles short, axillary, шау ы-ы oe - hardy "aL or ре : cue чалды чишу je
nearly equal, large, ovate-acuminate, v fy end васи. Flower-heads terminal, globose; involucre sur- _ serrated, Бена ie. Hen scent ы әң. ЧИШУ rounding the heads of many imbricated leaves, shorter than Grenada, 4675.) * ; the palem. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid, Most of the
294
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Cephalaria—continued. species are too coarse to admit of their being grown in the ordinary borders, but they are very desirable for natural- ising in the wild garden, or other similar places. For culture, see Dipsacus. 2 С. tartarica (Tartarian). /L-heads yellow, large; palem deep erat wii fee ite Summar, T pinnat ied de rre val-lanceolate, serra: s stria ER le villi at the base and on the petioles. h, 5ft. to 6ft. Siberia, 1759. Perennial.
Several other names occur in nurserymen’s catalogues, but the above-mentioned species is the best.
Y à
CEPHALOTUS FOLLICU :
(from kephale, а head, and Т, general appearance "бең,
: — = : e ORD. Conifere.
À dia with Yew-like fo vest
of these |
Cephalotaxus—continued.
C. coriacea (coriaceous). A synonym of C. drupacea.
C. dru (drupaceous).* 1. yellowish, glossy green above, glaucous beneath, crowded, lin. to 2in. long, linear, arranged in . two opposite rows. jr. purple, oval-oblong, about lin. in length. h, 6ft. to 8ft. Japan, 1844. SYNS. C. coriacea, C. foeminea, Podo- carpus coriacea.
C. filiformis (thread-like). A synonym of C. Fortunei.
C. foeminea (female) А synonym of C. drupacea.
С. Fortunei (Fortune's)* J. dark green above, lighter beneath, Sin. or more long, gradually narrowing to a sharp point, arranged in two rows. Branches long, slender, pendulous. л, 6%. to 8ft. China, 1848. Probably the species best adapted to the — climate. SYNs. C. filiformis, C. mascula, and C. pendula. (В. M.
) = Kae с. ula (male). ^ A synonym of C. Fortunei.
C. pedunculata (peduncled).* Lord Harrington’s Yew. l. bright ; pe above, marked with two broad glaucous lines beneath, in. to Zin. long, arranged in two rows. fr. large, drupaceous, i on long peduncles. A. 6ft. to 8ft. Japan, 1837. SYNS. Taxus =" ie " т, T. sinensis. Ay Mar з., xxi. 115.) € n astigiata (=Taxus japonica an odocarpus koraianus) is very distinct and ornamental, having bunches as erect as the trunk, and the leaves scattered or spirally а; ed around them. С. p. spheralis — NON eey in the орах, berry-like fruits.
(G. C. n. s., xxi. C. pendula (pendulous) А synonym of С. Fortunei.
CEPHALOTUS (from kephalotes, headed ; in reference to the filaments of the stamens being capitate). ORD. Sawifragee. A very curious cool greenhouse herbaceous perennial, thriving well in a mixture of chopped living _ sphagnum and sandy, rough peat, well drained. It is very Ў. important to ensure porous material for its growth, admit-)_ ting a free circulation of water. A humid atmosphere in summer is essential; and to secure this, it is best to place à bell glass over the pan in which the plant is grown. In winter, less moisture, both at the roots and in the atmo- sphere, is needed. Propagated by division, before new growth commences; or by seeds.
C. follicularis (follicled).* New Holland Pitcher-plant. fl. white, small on an erect scape. J. all radical and stalked ; some are elliptical and flat, and others dilated into pitchers similar to the ascidia of the genus Ne hes. "These pitchers vary from lin. to Sin. in length, and are dark green, tinged. with purple; lid netted with veins of reddish-pink. Plant almost stemless. л. 2in. to дї. West Australia, 1822. See Fig. 403.
CERACEOUS. Wax-like.
CERANTHERA. A small genus of African shrubs or trees, now united to Alsodeia. VEN m
CERASTIUM (from keras, a horn; many of the | species have capsules exactly the form of an ox's horn).
Mouse-ear Chiekweed. ORD. Caryophyllee. | Decumbent | hairy hardy annual or perennial herbaceous plants. Flowers
white, small. The two species most generally cultivated are _ Biebersteinii and tomentoswm. These are grown princi- pally on account of their silvery foliage. All are of very easy culture in ordinary garden soil, or on the rockery. They are readily propagated by divisions; or by cuttings, inserted in the open ground, and in a shady place, after flowering. The species enumerated below are all peren nials. |
C. alpinum (а1рїпе).* f. white; icles rather hairy, few. . flowered. June, July. ‘J. ovate, elli tical, or oblong, covered _
with jong ЖЕМ hairs, or nearly smooth. A. 2in. to 4in, Britain. ^
(Sy. E y
white; stalks erect, dichoto- |
: £ . l woolly, ovate-lanceolate. Stems branching. л. біп. Tauria, 1820. Evergreen. oh a 94
tomentosum, but with larger leaves and flowers. » v1
C. Boissieri (Boissiers).* jt. white, large ; regular, dicho-
tomous. Summer. hg silvery, usually ovate-lanccolate, acute, entire. A.4in.tolft. Spain. ` ^
"Europe. A strong. decid should only be cullieaved ohio taona m (broad-leaved). fl. white, solita i cl larger than most of the We ae ы жа
i" Nor Батор (Britan) Decanos rin ds ig
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 295
Cerastinm— continued. , Cerasus—continued.
С. tomentosum (downy)* Л. white; cymes forked, on erect than February, some sharp sand being added to the soil. stalks. Early summer. oblong-spathulate, upper ones lanceo- | Tor oulturo &¢., of the edible-fruited kinds, see Cherry. late, densely clothed with a greyish tomentum. h. біп. Southern pet ае - ка a . and Eastern Europe, 1648, is evergreen species is largely C. Avium (birds). Wi herry, or Gean. fl. rising with the leaves; employed in almost all gardens for edgings to summer flower- bud ета acute, destitute of leafy scales. April and May. be -0
&c. (S. Е. G. 455.) Jr. roundish-ovate, depressed, black ; flesh adhering to the stone, VERE „мыш ht f very succulent and sugary, the juice usually coloured. l oval- CERASUS (sid to have been first brought from lanceolate, pointed, serrated, somewhat pendent, slightly pe Cerasus, a town in Pontus, in Asia). Cherry. Овр. bescent on the under side, and furnished with two glands at the Rosacew, Hardy deciduous or evergreen shrubs and trees. base. А. 20ft. to 40ft. England. Deciduous.
С. A. multiplex (double-flowered).* Л. smaller than the type, ovate, bearing two or three glands at the base.
C. Caproniana.* Common Cherry. Л. rising with the leaves; calyx large, campanulate ; peduncles usually thick, stiffish, not long. Spring. jr. po depressed, with the suture hardly depressed ; flesh soft, more or less acid and styptic. J. oval. lanceolate, toothed, glabrous. h. 15ft. to 20ft. Europe. Small tree, with spreading branches. Of this deciduous species, innu- merable varieties have been raised. The most important of the fruit-bearing sorts will be found described under erry. The double-flowered variety (multiplex) is very showy, and useful for forcing and for shrubberies (SYN. С. ranunculiflora). (Е. d. S. 1805.)
C. caroliniana (Carolina).* Л, rather lar e; racemes axillary, dense, shorter than the leaves. May. "x nearly globose, mucronate, l. evergreen, on Short petioles, oblong- late,
mucronate, smooth, rather coriaceo almost entire. North America, 1759. E н. З е
C. Chamsecerasus. Ground Cherry. jl. umbellate; umbels usually sessile ; peduncles х= od than the leaves when in fruit. May. у». round, reddish- = very acid. l. obovate, shi А crenated, bluntish, quite gl brous, rather coriaceous, y landular. л. 2ft. to 4ft. Euro: » 1597. Deciduous. "There is & creep = ct this species, pendula, and another with
C. depressa (dep ) Л. white; umbels few-fi sessile. aggregate. May. fr. Ae 1. lanceol днд e al j^ serrated, glabrous, glaucous beneath. depressed, prostrate. North America, 1805. uous.
С. duracina (hard)* j, white, rising with the leaves uncles to
long, slender. April. Jr. heart-sha: ; su d pressed, rarely almost obsolete; flesh hard ee brittle. TW ion" 20ft.
A large tree; branches ascending when о but i state hardl ing. Deciduous. ` SYN? Prunes BR
spreading, Bigarella, it is probable that this species, c i vium has produced the Bigarreau and Heart Chicos’: oe
. C. ilicifolia (Holly-leaved). fl. white, small, in racemes jin. to
2in. long. M May. fr. large, jin. or mo; ick, usually red, sometimes dark purple or nm California. T orna- mental shrub, with shining dark evergreen fol e; t for
C. Juliana (St. Julian's). И, risine wi \ ovate, depressed, eari-formed. ; flesh M ae "es poe
species—frequentl i rrectly, classed forms of C, Ashman oer чү m - Heaumiers, m
FIG. 4054. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CERASUS ILICIFOLIA.
= . -Flowers white; pedicels one-flow. ising bef th leaves in fascicled umbels from unr tau А occum d rising after the evolution of the leaves in racemes from
the tops of the branches. Drupe globose or umbilicate
at the Баве, fleshy, quite glabrous, destitute of bloom,
ning & smooth, rather globose, compressed stone. eaves, when young, conduplicate. By far the ] er Fr УР CERAS OCERA!
ME чн the species are deciduous, but two o^ с. Ner y nme de ш Ein es i portant ones are evergreen, viz., the common Laurel than April d A ee |
(C. Lawrocerasus), with its numerous varieties, and the aem л Йер, aan tod, аа
ovate, acute. agn - Ovate- , remotely- furnish. Mehr i. Laurel (0. aono" The various species and four glan See = a” bit to ft.” Levant па ‚ °з аге propagated by seeds, cuttings, grafti Y 18. e following varieties are found in budding. The seeds should be sown in eon a "A ds, pee and are all useful for extensive planting in shrubberies or they may be k я 3 k ; eds, woodlands : angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; camellixfolia (Ca- ——— bed нее „may be kept till spring. Cuttings should be mellia-leaved) ; caucasica ); colchica (Colchican) very — 3 in а semi-shady position, in autumn, or not later loved] rotundifolia (round-leaved), and variegata (variegated
296 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Cerasus— continued. Cerasus—continued. C. lusitanica (Lusitanian).* Portugal Laurel. fl. white ; racemes bracteosa (long-bracted), heterophylla (various-leaved), parviflora erect, axillary, longer than the leaves, June, fa, ovate, red (small- flowered), and rubra (red). T's P or. ушш. RO emer "Rie AMES. | 0. paeudo-corasus: Bastard Chery. Л, white, racemose, Apri most elegant shrubs grown, There із а variety named myrtifolia Md. » еы. oe КЕ ith ‘eae үе on ca (Myrtle-leaved) which produces smaller leaves, e is of compact Гое scuminated, dat, ones ted! Branches an Dye допов Аа РСА Ар PN de Е • , o Y! leafy. April and May. jr. ovate-roundish, black, yielding а ym orcing bre н, тени aniculata. 6. ) bitter purple juice, the stain of which is not easily effaced. 1. с. бенаво (Ranunculus-flowered) Synonymous with d, roundish-cordate, denticulated, glandular, folded together. C. Caproniana multiplex.
bu G. 405. FLOWERING BRANCH OF DOUBLE WHITE South Еп м ol na, The wood is red, very hard, and
CHINESE CHERRY (CERASUS SERRULATA).
С. salicina (Willow-leaved). fl. white, small soli shorter than th . April. about Pte aa candies Сеет) Л. white ; Bors capone? lateral 1, ever. Myrobalan bim a pe s TES eer size ot that oft th исе. = à an, "ae inated, Vila. ‘Sta ire, gla) on EX stipules subulate, glandular, length of the petiole. Е n Padus, crm x acer evergreen tree, 4ft. to 6ft. China, 1822, f-hardy deciduous, чш, elongated, MY, drooping. A AM x
C. semperfiorens бетабаа АП Saints 3 Чуве tes, but, А ed in gin үгү Мау. м ер б E uid
Whiskey, it greatly fant ary, o de d Butt greatly | " Small, round, wat ^3 but littl tary. Мау, fr. $
А Ч C үз these MAE l ovate калоо E MEM d. m to 20ft. КЕШ (W. DB 131. паа. argentea (silver-blotched leased a including the folie lowing: ; y aurea, variegata (go рь very handsome,
aucubeafoli а olia (Aucuba- ыш, Jr. purplis “black. "Ut енім pm Paid
2
-—
: placed over them.
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA
OF HORTICULTURE.
297
Cerasus—continued.
serrated, with incurved, short, or callous teeth. Eastern United
T large deciduous tree, furnishing valuable timber.
(W. D. B. 48.) io C. serrulata (saw-leaved).* Double Chinese Cherry. fi. pale
white or pal cole y double, disposed in fascicles. April. Z.
obovate, acuminated, setaceously serrulated, quite glabrous;
petioles glandular. h. 15ft. China, 1822. SYN. C. Sieboldii.
Deciduous. See Fig. 405, (Б. Н. 1866, 371.)
C. Sieboldii (Siebold’s). Synonymous with C. serrulata.
. Spheerocarpa (round-fruited). fl. white; racemes axillary, Чаш small, e than the leaves. June and July. fr, rend d globose, purple when ripe. Z. glandless, shining, about 2іп, long апа liin. broad. A.10ft.tol2ft. Jamaica, 1820. Stove evergreen.
irginian) Choke-Cherry. fl. white; racemes
erect, elo; nr May and June. fr. globose, red. = oblong, acuminated, doubly-toothed, smooth; petioles usually bearin about four ds. Wood beautifully veined with black an white. h. 20ft. to 80ft. Eastern United States, 1724. Deciduous. CERATIOLA (from keration, a diminutive of keras, a horn; in reference to the stigma radiating into four divi- sions like little horns, as in the Carnation). ORD. Empe- tracee. An upright, much-branched, evergreen, half-hardy shrub, much resembling an Erica. When well grown, it is a very handsome little plant. It thrives well in sandy peat, to which may be added a little very fibry loam. It will probably prove quite hardy in the West of England; but if grown out of doors in other parts of the country, it should have protection during winter. Propagated by cuttings, which should be placed in sandy soil, under a bell glass. C. ericoides (Heath-like).* /l. brownish, sessile, in the axils of < leaves, rarely solitary, sometimes verticillate. June.
1. simple, alternate, exstipulate, spreading, needle-shaped, obtuse,
glabrous and shining, about lin. long, sometimes crowded as if
(B MEE) ies globose, yellow. Florida, Carolina, 1826.
.
CERATODACTYLIS. See Llavea.
CERATOLOBUS (from keras, a horn, and lobos, a pod; referring to the horned ‘pod-like spathe) ORD. Раїтет. Slender-growing stove palms, of great beauty, and requiring culture similar to Calamus (which see).
color (one-colo sub-stri ч biben pego aeri T тен C. glaucescens (milky-green-leaved).* 7. pinnate, 1ft. to 2ft. lon,
pinne somewhat cuneate, lengthened out into a tail-like point edges erose, dark green on the upper surface, grey below ; petioles sheathing, densely armed with slender spines. Java. This makes an elegant table plant.
"CERATONIA (from keration, a horn or pod; in allu- sion to the shape of the pods). Algaroba Bean, or Carob. This plant is called by Theophrastus, Keronia; by Dios- corides, Kerateia. ORD. Leguminose. An evergreen tree, with a thick trunk, and abruptly-pinnate, coriaceous, shining leaves. It thrives well in the South of England, in any ordinary garden soil, if afforded the protection of a wall, and slightly sheltered during winter. Вірепей euttings will root if planted in sand, with а hand glass
C. Siliqua (podded). Bean-tree, Carob-tree, ог Locust-tree, LN ane LM mber. l, leafiets oval, obbuss, adt UN So à S ning, 1510 n еп. Plant unarmed. A. t. to South of Europe е sake of pods. i is eaten; these are 4in. or more gles Denm y^ 30 иы the seeds, of a dusky ferruginous colour. (A. B. R. 567.) CERATOPETALUM (from keras, a horn, and petalon,
a petal; the petals are Jagged so as to resemble a stag’s
horn). ORD. Savifragee. А genus containing a couple of
Species of greenhouse trees, limited to New South Wales.
Flowers small, in terminal trichotomous cymes or corymbose
panicles. They have opposite leaves, with one to three
digitate leaflets, articulate on the petiole; stipules very small, caducous. For culture, see Callicoma.
` €. apetalum (without petals) Л. greenish-y 1 als). Jf. enish-yellow. Z, leafle usually solitary Ону three on luxuriant shoots or Mir
оч h. 50%, to gummiferum m-bearing). /. yellow, in terminal i ue. T A E JL $ al panicles, id сезин Parr “wiht Алооо, serrated, coriaceous,
CERATOPTERIS (from keras, a horn, and pteris, a fern). Овр. Filices. A very curiousstove aquatic annual monotypic genus. Sori placed on two or three veins, which run down the frond longitudinally, and are nearly parallel with both the edge and midrib. Capsules seattered on the receptacles, sessile, globose, with a ring which is either complete, ог more or less partial or obsolete. Inyolucre formed of the reflexed margin of the frond, those of the two sides meeting against the midrib. When nicely grown in water, this is a very handsome plant, and not inaptly called the Floating Stag’s-horn Fern. The spores must be preserved and sown early in spring, in a pot of very moist loam; they germinate rapidly if plunged in water, in February. Young plants may also be obtained from the proliferous buds, by pegging the sterile fronds on to a surface of moist earth. It succeeds best when the pot containing it is plunged to the rim in water.
C. thalictroides (Thalictrum-like).* sti. tufted, thick, inflated. fronds succulent, the barren ones floatin ; Simple or slightly divided when young, bi- or tripinnate, with narrow linear seg- ments, when mature; fertile ones bi- or tripinnate ; ultimate segments pod-like. ‘Tropics, in quiet waters. SYN. Parkeria pteroides.
CERATOSTEMA (from keras, a horn, and stemon, a stamen; in reference to the anthers being bluntly spurred at the base). ORD. Vacciniacee. Very pretty greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers almost sessile, lateral and ter- minal, pedunculate ; corollas large, scarlet. Leaves oblong, on short petioles, almost veinless, coriaceous, rounded, and sub-cordate at the base. They require a compost of sandy loam and peat; and are readily increased by cuttings, planted in sand, and placed under a glass.
C. lon orum (long-flowered crimso Peru Peer уз 12,000ft. above I lovil, tere (B. M. AN “ i
C. speciosum (showy)* Jl. bri тей, about 13in. long; spikes short, оту) аве та, M Mat lanceolate, with a short twisted petiole. : CERATOZAMIA (from keras, a horn, and Zamia, —
another genus of Cycadacee, which this much resembles ;
in reference to the horned scales of the cones). “Овюр. Cyca- dacew. Stove plants, distinguished from Zamia in having the thickened apices of the scales of the male and female cones bicornute (i.e., two-horned), instead of hornless. Leaf- lets articulated. Trunks short. They require a moist atmosphere, and a compost of rich light loam and rotten leaves. Propagated by seeds, and sometimes by suckers -
and divisions ; but imported plants give most satisfaction.
abit ; pinne deep green, біп. to Tin. 3
C. fusco-viridis (dusky. * X of ` fine arching h Sis: Sessile, lanceolate, nished with is en m FA ne
oung leaves of a rich bron: -choco changing to olive-green and, finally, elu Mex to à sharp point, coriaceous,
fur-
v. road, dark gre 3 : exican)* Male: 1. pinnate, pinn coriaceous, sessile, a ol pue 9in. to l2in. long. ы e а
т about half their le Mexico.
Female: i, pinnate, ath do "aft. .
bom dong, taperin St
naked portion of i
L Mexico, es ,.Miqueliana (Miquel's).* Z, pinnate, spreading; pinnæ coria. Seous, oblong, abruptly EM ar a point, m io lZin. long, — exico.
- broad, dark green. Stem slender. ERA (so named from Cerberus, of mythlogieal note, on account of its poisonous qualities). Овр. Apocy- ie nacem. Stove evergreen shrubs or trees. Peduncles extra- axillary at the tops of the branches ; corolla. funnel shaped, tube pilose inside at top. Leaves scattered, quite entire. _ AT require a rich ыу loam, and cuttings of young, «| ather ripe shoots will root in sand, if pl i Lk ^ € con се ш ; if planted in April, iz fede C. Man ;
urved, su pen. July to
298
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
CERCIS (from kerkis, a shuttlecock; a name given by Theophrastus to this tree). Judas-tree. ORD. Leguminose. Ornamental, hardy, deciduous trees. For their singular beauty, they deserve a place in every garden and shrubbery. When the trees have arrived ata good size, the branches are so thickly beset with flowers as scarcely to be seen;
Fig. 406. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CERCIS SILIQUASTRUM. and the singular shape of the leaves—which appear after
Ета, 407, CEREUS GRANDIFLORUS,
Cercis—continued.
the end of March, on a bed of light soil, in a gentle heat.
The young plants will produce flowers in three or four
years; they may also be propagated by layers, but plants
raised from seeds thrive best.
С. canadensis (Canadian)* fl. red; pedicels one-flowered, risin from the trunk and branches in fascicles. Мау. i cordate, acumi- nate, villous in the axils of the veins beneath. A. 12ft. to 20ft. Canada, 1730. к,
С. chinensis (Chinese).* This recently-introduced species closely resembles C. canadensis in foliage; the pink fiowers are larger. SYN. C. japonica,
C. japonica (Japanese). A synonym of C. chinensis.
C. Siliq * Common Judas-tree; Love-tree, fl. bright purple; pedicels one-flowered, rising from the trunk and branches in fascicles. May. Z. simple, cor te, very blunt, emarginate, quite glabrous. A. 20%, to 50%, South Europe, 1596. In northern parts of this country, this fine species d» actos to be planted against a wall, in which situation it thrives a mirably. The wood is very beautiful and veined with black, takes an excellent polish, and may be utilised for many purposes, See Fig. 406. (B. M. 1138.) There are varieties with flesh-coloured and white flowers,
ARPUS (from kerkis, a shuttle, and karpos,
a fruit; in reference to the shape of the fruit). ORD.
Rosacew. Greenhouse or half-hardy evergreen shrubs or
small trees. They thrive in a mixture of peat and loam.
Cuttings will root if planted in a pot of sand, with a hand
glass placed over them.
C. fothergilloides (Fothergilla-like).* in axillary umbellate ap cen ух purple, with a c iindrical parama Bike May.
1. alternate, entire, nearly elliptic, coriaceous, glabrous, fur- nished with two petiolar stipules. А, 12%. Mexico, 1828,
y a
" Ж
ERA - "air iod E iaa РЕЙ МЫ FiG. 408. CEREUS NYCTICALUS, CEREUS (from cereus, pliant; in reference to the shoots of some species). Torch Thistle. ORD, Cactem. Fleshy grotesque greenhou i
9f spines, regularly furrowed. Flowers large, rising from
ү ‹ se shrubs, with а woody axis,- &nd medulliferous inside; angles vertical, bearing fascicles
j 4 f
NU а
C. fimbriatus (fringed).*
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE.
299
Cereus—continued.
the fascicles of spines, or indentures on the angles; sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the ovary, united into an elongated tube; outer sepals the shortest, forming the calyx; middle ones longer and coloured, innermost ones petaloid; stamens very numerous, united with the tube; style filiform, multifid at the apex. Berry areolate, tubercular or scaly, either from the remains of the sepals, or from their cicatrices when they have fallen off. For culture, see Cactus. 4, л Lad »
Of this large genus, the following species are the best, and most easily obtained. Numerous others are offered for sale, principally by continental growers.
ы : ,numerous. September. int with Tong ош, NA M pem, triangular ; ribs com- г pressed, repand ; prickles — from yellow tomentum, radiating ones few, pilose, white, and four rather recurved, stiff, fulvous
сеп! ones in each fascicle. Brazil, 1828.
crenulate) Plant simple, erect, greyish-green;
C. erenulatus | with eight blunt tubercular ribs, and narrow recesses ; areolæ,
while young, convex and velvety ; prickles fourteen in each fascicle, white, setaceous, stiff, outer ten radiating, central four diverging, and longer NA the others. Stem 6in. high, and 2in. Mexico, s
in diameter,
E mE um
Fig. 409. CEREUS PLEIOGONUS.
; rose-coloured, сатрап! i few potio, which are fringed ; tube short; stamens very En Pu с, — "e x an se ety Sen prickly tubercles. „erect, bluntly eight-angled ; prickles setac i А. 18%. to 25%, ‘St. Domingo, 1828 > pee.
(whip-formed).* fl. red or ink, very han: ;
style gather, Shorter than the otals, March, tens an , u n angles; ing e. Peru, 16600" (епа HUN) ; tubercles crowded, bearing
©. " Mod те, (glittering).* Ё orange-scarlet, having the inner petals
à metallic lustre, 6in. to Tin. across,
Маса when fully e July" Stems Th y
Cereus— continued.
Tropical America, 1870. А very handsome tall-growi lant, with three to four-angled stems, spiny at the nodes. (B. M. 5556.)
C. grandiflorus (large-flowered),* fl. very large. June to August.
Stems rooting, diffuse, climbing, five to six-angled ; bristles біп. to 8in. each, fascicled, hardly longer than the down from which they proceed. West Indian Islands, 1700. The flowers continue about six hours in full bloom. They begin to open between seven and eight o’clock in the evening, and are fully blown by eleven. By three or four o’clock in the morning, they fade; but, during their short existence, there is hardly any flower of greater beauty, or that makes a more magnificent — The m of the flower, when open, is nearly 1%. in diameter; the inside, being of a splendid yellow colour, appears like the rays of a bright star; the outside is of a dark brown. The petals, being of a pure white, contribute to the lustre; the vast number of recurved stamens in the centre of the flower make a fine appearance. Add to all this ihe strong, sweet fragrance, and there is scarcely any plant which so much deserves a place in the stove, as this,
as it may be trained against the wall, where it will not
y e up anyroom. See Fig. 407. (B. M. 3381.)
; stam rge, usually with six strong ribs aere rickles 40ft.
zed ; short, brown. h. с: without any branches. South America, 1690, 2209 Ofk, idus (livid). white, with a yellow- n tinge towards tt putside, 10in. in Pi June, Plant erect, very sper interme MN five to si c constri or jointed at a de k, ight, round-edged ribs, lin. or
(Macdonald's).* Л. opening du the night. 12in. to 14in. diameter ; =: үз Pee апа tems сунан, uresping prous; petala delicate е
» branched, slender.
is ia a maguificans specion (В. М. 4707.) " T
800
i xci DU
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Cereus—continued.
С, nycticalus (flowering at night). Л. white, opening at night, en A ae ae in i" to, but larger than, those of C. grandi- florus. Plant with sub-erect, long, jointed, climbing branches, some cylindrical with four to five series of spines, others with from four to six ribs. Spines small, very rigid, each cluster con- taining about four, mixed with white, often deciduous sete. Mexico. Suitable for planting against the wall of a warm green- house. See Fig. 408.
С. pentagonus (five-angled).* fl. white, large. July. Plant erect, jointed, slender, pale green, five-angled; ribs repand;
prickles naked at the base, nearly equal, slender, straw-coloured,
with five to six radiating ones in each fascicle, and one central
one. Stems varying, with three, four, or five angles. h. 5.
South America, 1769.
с. plelogonns (many-stamened) fl. ee Plant light olive-green, erect, cylindrical, with about thirteen very small ribs; the areole are M p swollen at the summit, then form small tubercles more and more distinct until, at the base, the ribs almost ee, disappear, Spines about thirteen, the exterior ones radiating pretty regularly; the upper ones the shorter, and the interior ones more or less erect. Native country unknown. h.6in. See Fig. 409.
quadrangularis (four-angled).* fl. white, opening at night beautiful and sweet-scented. Plant creeping ires to four- angled; angles hardly channglled ; spines five {о seven in each fascicle, hardly stellate. West Indies, 1809. [3
C. repandus (repand) fl., tube n, unarmed ; inner calycine or corolline lobes white; outer lobes of calyx narrow and much acuminated, нес ейт the inner ones in length. May. Plant long, erect, with eight to nine blunt angles; angles rather undulated Ln longer than the
wool from which th i ч CE bea
t. Caribbee Islands, 1728. (В. Е.
C. se tinus (serpentine)* И. e, very h ; : MD. outer ones greenish, aa e DL M Оре
es purplish, inner ones white ; foral tubes very bristly at the e. pd creeping, our к somewhat climbing, with eleven to twelve very blunt
les; bristles.in fascicles, much longer than the wool from which they issue, but which at length falls off. h. 3ft. to 4ft. South America,1817. See Fig. 410. (B. M. 3566.)
angled ; angles toothed ; subulate vie E" А. Bf. to 6ft. Mexico isis laris (three-angled) Л. greenish on the outside, and я than that of most other species. Jul Plant ; sh i pc ST ro iu son
CERIFEROUS. Bearing or producing wax.
CERINTHE (from keros, wax, and ; bees are supposed to obtain wax largely Pee зл
the flowers). Honeywort. ORD. Boragies. Glabrous hardy annuals or perennials, with terminal К s of
. tubularly campanulate, drooping, variegated fl H . аге of easy culture iu common garden wu Rmo. A be sown in spring, in sunny spots, C. maculata, being a perennial, requires to be planted in a tered, dry situa
©. aspera (rough). fl., corolla yell ^ wnish. tube, cylindrica, five- tothed, twice аз Var aes calyx. July. =~ Li oblong, denticulately ciliated, rough beneath, n e Europe, 1633, Annual. (S. Е. б. 10)... d € labrous ., corolla yello bottom violaceo: . ht top, dre s = ionis i dr
_ 4, lft, European Alps, 1827. Annual.
and Eastern Europe, 1804. Perennial. |
* fl., corolla yellow at bottom five toothed, July. Г. со
зри, glabrous ab
hy, stem-c! atic rough benea БОА corolla yellow, sometimes with _ ith conniving segments gt on - сф ig at Middle and South піце
Eam
corolla with a yellow tube and a vig
cylindrical, with a i | ET à »„ 1. stem-clasping, somewhat path h а short mucrone, beset with y е Mt. Greece, &c., 1828, Annual.
- Inelining a little from the
|
CEROPEGIA (from keros, wax, and pege, a fountain; referring to the form and waxy appearance of the flowers). ORD. Asclepiadacee. Usually twining, sometimes erect, herbs, often with tuberous roots. Corolla funnel-shaped, more or less ventricose from the base; segments of the limb narrow, sometimes cohering at the apex. Leaves opposite. The corona consists of a single whorl of five to ten leaves, opposite the stamens, and alternating with the segments of the corolla. Ceropegias are very curious and pretty stove or greenhouse plants, thriving in a mixture of peat, sand, and vegetable mould. Cuttings of small side shoots, made in April, will root in sand, in heat, with or without a glass covering. They should have little or no water, when in a dormant state, particularly the bulbous-rooted kinds.
C. acuminata (taper-pointed) Л. large, erect, with a greenish tube, and a purple limb ; segments united at apex; corolla ven- tricose at base ; tube sub-clavate; peduncles many-flowered. June. ^ |
7. linear-lanceolate, 2in. to 4in. long, hardly 4in. broad, attenuated atapex. Root tuberous. Coromandel, 1820. Stove.
C. Barklyi (Barkly’s).* fl. scarcely 2in. long, with a narrow, curved, pinkish tube, dilated into a globose base, and expanded above into a funnel-shaped limb, divided into five long tiliform segments, coherent at the incurved tips. May. J. opposite, lanceolate, white-veined. Root tuberous. South Africa, 1877. Greenhouse, (B. M. 6515.)
C. Bowkeri (Bowkers) f. solitary, shortly-stalked ; sepals pale gen, spotted with brown; corolla pale yellowish-green, 14in, ong (including the reflexed limb). J. linear, sub-acute, sessile. Root a tuber. л, 1ft. Caffraria, 1862. Greenhouse. (B. M. 5407.)
С. bulbosa (bulbous). f. large, erect, with a greenish tube and à purple limb, having the segments united at the apex; tube of . corolla sub-clavate; peduncles many-flowered, shorter than the r leaves. April 1. from almost A ve te to lanceolate, acuminated, Root tuberous. Coromandel, 1821. Stove.
)* fl. purple; corolla with a clavate tube, a "and read te segments, which are ciliated with long hairs; peduncles EC
„т almost invisible, cordate, cuspidate.
AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA
OF HORTICULTURE. 301
Ceropegia—continued. one to six-flowered, shorter than the leaves. l. oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, acuminated, fibrous, India, Ecc Stove. See Fig. 411. (B. M. 3015.)
C, Gardnerii (Gardner’s).* f. creamy-white, Коа. 1. lanceolate, acuminate; glabrous. Ceylon, 1860. Ап elegant greenhouse twiner. See Fig. 412. (В. M. 5306.)
C. juncea (rush-like) jl. greenish yellow, and elegantly varie-
ted with purple, ише ; corolla clavate, curved, ventricose at the ase; peduncles few-flowered. /. small, sessile, Ianceolate, acute. India, 1822. Stove. :
C. Sandersoni (Sanderson’s).* fl. pale green, mottled and veined with darker green, with a peculiar, translucid appearance, beauti- ful, large; the five petals uniting to form an umbrella-like cap, which is ciliated along the margin, with flat white, capillary
rocesses ; peduncles axillary, three to four-flowered. Summer.
-4 ovate-cordate, thick, fleshy, shortly petiolate. Natal, 1868. Greenhouse. (G, C. 1870, 17.)
stapeliszeformis (Stapelia-formed). fi. purple, sessile, rising
ea the axils of the leaves. fay opem minute, ternate,
Plant procumbent. Cape of
Good Hope, 1824. Greenhouse. S
C. Thwaitesii (Thwaites’).* / with a narrow funnel.shaped tube, Es long, very narrow below, but much widened above, and
most globose towards the top ; tube yellow ; the upper part of the corolla beautifully sprinkled with dark blood-red Spots; pro-
etr
BiG. 412, FLOWERING STEMS OF CEROPEGIA GARDNERI,
duced in axillary, three to five-flowered, umbellate racemes. OM. d (В. M. 4758)
Wigbtii (Wight’s), green, purple; corolla spherically ven-
pen at the base ; sabe Slender; segments of the limb я,
1535. Pi, d ovato, acute, fleshy, Plant twining. A. 5%. India,
A very hand-
: gardening perhaps unequalled, if placed in a sheltered situation, away from
©. andicola (Andes)* ji, sometimes perfect, at others unisexular ;
] , quite covering the
pinnate, 2ft. to 12ft. in length: petioles erect,
somewhat ferruginous at the base, slightly arching at the apex ;
Pinnee acuminate, 2ft, in length, 14іп. in breadth, patent; upper
Side full, еер Shining green; lower side silvery-white, A. 50ft. New Grenada, 1815.
E MONNIA (named after
& priest of Santa Fé de Bogota). ORD. Ochnacem. А
Theophrasta-like stove tree. For cultivation, see Ochna.
pland’s).* fl, orange-yellow. 1. ve lai obovate, with a inr in, and t кб marked with transverse veins. Tropical ott hed —
Juan Maria Cespedes,
CESTREUM (from kestron, an ancient Greek name). ORD. Solanacee. Including Habrothamnus. Ап extensive genus of stove, greenhouse, or half-hardy shrubs. Flowers eymose or fascicled; cymes corymbose or panicled; corolla with an elongated tube, widening gradually to the top; limb five-parted, sub-plicate, spreading or revolute, regular, conduplicate in sstivation. Leaves alternate, entire. This very ornamental genus of shrubs are useful subjects either as pot plants or as climbers; but plenty of pot room is,
` under all circumstances, necessary. А free and moderately
rich soil is most suitable. Propagated by cuttings, in August, the same being potted off as frequently as the roots reach the sides of the pots. They should be pinched back early in January, to cause a bushy growth; the following season, they do better, as a rule, if potted and grown on in frames or out of doors. Where Cestrum are intended to be grown as wall-subjects, they should be planted out in the greenhouse or conservatory borders, and receive liberal treatment. They generally do well in a house where a temperature of about 40deg. or 45deg. is maintained during winter. P
С. alaternoides (Alaternus.l e, disposed in
sessile racemes.” July to Ашур alternate orate diete. qin. (E. M. uui) ^ Ue ТАО Ама — aurantiacum (orange)* ji. orange, sessile, spicate, е, panicled. August. Z oval, Кобы 709 А 4%. Gi ali An ex- — cool-house evergreen shrub. (B. R. 1845, 22.)
corymbosum (corymbose red ; corymbs terminal, formin
4 тот т рах їй 1 May io team 1. ovate-lanceolate, entire.
co, handsome | evergreen shru
SYN. Habrothamnus corymbosus. (B. M. 4201.) as elegans (elegant), Л. purplish-red, numerous] — terminal es: d. Summer.
leaves, the surface of which is creamy white, faint! tinged with ar blotches of light green. E fascicled). ^ * lish-red. termi capitate, involucated = poc urced h ge i ed;
— (B. M, 4183 and 5659.) ewell (Newell's).* bright cri , large, dense — rei 290 TO smooth. “A. oft Scribed as a very ornamental h SYN. Habrothamnus Newelli.
302 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,
Cestrum-—continued. ' Chenostoma—continued.
С. polyantha (many-flowered),* f. lilac, yellow; corolla funnel. shaped; racemes loose. June. J. ovate, toothed, cuneated at the base; upper ones oblong. Herbaceous, much branched at the base. А. din. South Africa, 1844. (В. В. 33, 32.) :
CHZEROPHYLLUM (from chairo, to rejoice, and phyllon, a leaf; in reference to the smell of the leaves).
ORD. Umbellifere. An extensive genus of hardy her-
baceous plants, of scarcely any horticultural interest.
Flowers white, sometimes rose; involucre none, or of few
leaves; involucels of many leaves. Leaves decompound ;
leaflets toothed or multifid. АП the species are of the easiest possible culture in any soil Propagated by seeds, sown in the open, during spring.
C. bulbosum (bulbous), Bulbous-rooted Chervil, Л. white. . June. i. supra-decompound ; lower ones pilose at the petioles і Superior ones glabrous;